Crafts, Nicholas

Crafts, Nicholas, Britain s Relative Economic Performance 1870-1999, London Institute of Economic Affairs, 2002. 

Defence expenditure is not mentioned in Nicholas Crafts comprehensive analysis in his Britain s Relative Economic Performance 1870-1999 (London Institute of Economic Affairs, 2002), but may have been a contributory factor to some of the reasons that he does give cartelisation and poor productivity in firms that were kept going instead of being allowed to fail (defence departments tried to keep contractors going, often peddling out small orders, so that these firms would be available in war) and poor productivity in nationalised industries (which include the royal dockyards and royal ordnance factories, and one major aircraft firm. Short Brothers, taken over in 1943, and kept going on account of the employment it offered in Northern Ireland long after it would have otherwise been closed down). 

Basil s rules for his monastic school set the pattern for subsequent Byzantine academic programs, whether directly under bishops or supervised by monasteries. When the young Saint Nicholas entered the monastery of Stoudios in the late ninth century, the superior assigned him to the school to learn his letters. In the tenth century Peter the bishop of Argos established a school for orphans that included both training in crafts and instruction in reading and writing for some of the children. ... 

The mechanism of the Nicholas reaction is best described as an SnI process. Protonation of the alcohol in 4 followed by loss of water from cation 8 yields cobalt-stabilized carbocation 5. Friedel-Crafts reaction of this electrophile with anisole provides resonance-stabilized carbocation 9 which, upon removal of a proton, furnishes the substitution product 6. In addition to electron rich aromatics like anisole, a variety of neutral carbo- and heterocyclic nucleophiles react successfully with the carbocation... 

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