Covalent bonds triple bond

Triple covalent bond d. Bond with four shared electrons... 

Covalent bond Strong bond holding atoms or molecules together by sharing pairs of electrons one pair, single bond two pairs, double bond three pairs, triple bond. 

G. N. Lewis is probably most known for the theoretical concept of a covalent bond. This bond is nonpolar and formed by an electron pair. In the molecules Hj and CI2, for example, the atoms are connected by a covalent bond. We write this bonding as H-H, Cl-Cl, or H H, C1 C1. Each dot means an electron and each bar a pair of electrons of opposite spin. The oxygen molecule has a double bond (0=0) and the nitrogen molecule a triple bond. Methane (CH4) may also be written with bars or dots between the carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. 

Covalent Bond - A bond formed by the sharing of two or more electrons between two atoms. Covalent bonds can be single (two electrons shared), double (four shared electrons), or triple (six shared electrons). 

Double and triple covalent bonds can be formed between elements by the sharing of two or three electron pairs respectively. Consider the formation of ethene (ethylene), C2H4 ... 

FIGURE 2.21 Cov.ilent radii ot hydrogen and the p-block elements (in picometers). Where more than one value is given, the values refer to single, double, and triple bonds. Covalent radii tend to become smaller toward fluorine. A bond length is approximately the sum of the covalent radii of the two participating atoms. 

In Table VI3) and Fig. 3 there are given radii for use in compounds of this type. The sum of the singlebond radii for two atoms gives the expected distance between these two atoms in such a compound when they are connected by a covalent bond. The sum of their double-bond or triple-bond radii similarly gives the expected distance when they are connected by a double or a triple bond. 

In the discussion of metallic radii we may make a choice between two immediate alternative procedures. The first, which I shall adopt, is to consider the dependence of the radius on the type of the bond, defined as the number (which may be fractional) of shared electron pairs involved (corresponding to the single, double, and triple bonds in ordinary covalent molecules and crystals), and then to consider separately the effect of resonance in stabilizing the crystal and decreasing the interatomic distance. This procedure is similar to that which we have used in the discussion of interatomic distances in resonating molecules.7 The alternative procedure would be to assign to each bond a number, the bond order, to represent the strength of the bond with inclusion of the resonance effect as well as of the bond type.8... 

In the course of the work it was found that the value assumed five years ago for the carbon double-bond covalent radius (obtained by linear interpolation between the single-bond and the triple-bond radius) is 0.02 A. too large in consequence of this we have been led to revise the double-bond radii of other atoms also. 

Revised Values of Double-Bond Covalent Radii.—This investigation has led to the value 1.34 A. for the carbon-carbon double-bond distance, 0.04 A. less than the value provided by the table of covalent radii.111 4 Five years ago, when this table was extended to multiple bonds, there were few reliable experimental data on which the selected values for double-bond and triple-bond radii could be based. The single-bond radii were obtained -from the study of a large number of interatomic distances found experimentally by crystal-structure and spectroscopic methods. The spectroscopic value of the triple-bond radius of nitrogen (in N2) was found to bear the ratio 0.79 to the single-bond radius, and this ratio was as-... 

The new carbon-carbon double-bond distance corresponds to the value 0.87 for the double-bond factor. Moreover, there are now available three accurately known triple-bond distances 1.204 for C=C in acetylene, 1.154 A. for C=N in hydrogen cyanide, and 1.094 for N==N in the nitrogen molecule, whereas five years ago only the last was known. The ratios of these distances to the corresponding sums of single-bond radii are 0.782, 0.785, and 0.781, respectively. We accordingly now select 0.78 as the value of the triple-bond factor. Revised covalent radii26 for first-row atoms are given in Table XV. 

Sidgwick in 1933 ("The Covalent Link in Chemistry," Cornell University Press, 1933, p. 82), accepting 1.32 A. for the carbon-carbon double-bond distance as indicated by Wierl s work, adopted 0.86 for the double-bond factor and 0.77 for the triple-bond factor. 

Carbon likes to form bonds so well with itself that it can form multiple bonds to satisfy its valence of four. When two carbon atoms are linked with a single bond and their other valencies (three each) are satisfied by hydrogens, the compound is ethane. When two carbons are linked by a double bond (two covalent bonds) and their other valencies (two each) are satisfied by hydrogens, the compound is ethylene. When two carbons are linked by a triple bond (three covalent bonds) and their other valencies (one each) are satisfied by hydrogens, the compound is acetylene. 

Triple bond A covalent bond formed when six electrons are shared between two atoms. 

A well-known example of the effect of bond order on bond length is provided by the bonds in ethane, ethene, and ethyne, which have the lengths of 154, 134, and 120 pm, respectively. Covalent radii for doubly and triply bonded atoms can be obtained from double and triple bond lengths in the same way as for single bonds. Some values are given in Table 2.2. 

Distinguish between each of the following pairs (a) an ion and an ionic bond, (b) an ion and a free atom, (c) a covalent bond and an ionic bond, (cl) a triple bond and three single bonds on the same atom, (e) a polyatomic molecule and a polyatomic ion. 

Every group of electrons shared between two atoms constitutes a covalent bond. When one pair of electrons is involved, the bond is called a single bond. When two pairs of electrons unite two atoms, the bond is called a double bond. Three pairs of electrons shared between two atoms constitute a triple bond. Examples of these types of bonds arc given below ... 

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