Coupling of EMMS and CFD

The EMMS model was proposed for the time-mean behavior of fluidized beds on the reactor scale. A more extensive application of the EMMS model to gas-solid flow is through its coupling with the two-fluid CFD approaches, which brings about an EMMS-based multi-scale CFD framework for gas—solid flow. For this purpose, Yang et al. (2003) introduced an acceleration, a, into the EMMS model to account for the 

The first step is to determine the meso-scale parameters in terms of the diameter and voidage of clusters (dc and ec) with the constraint of the 

The mass conservation equations of the gas and particles are the same with the original, as follows  

The definition of cluster diameter dc remains the same with the original (Equation (6)), which read 

It should be noted that if the inertial terms are omitted, the above relations will return to the original form of the EMMS model (Li and Kwauk, 1994). For specified conditions Us, Gs, and g, this set of 10 

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