Coupling Gngnard reagent

Coupling of alkyl halides with Na, supplanted by the coupling ol alkyl halides or sulfonates with Gngnard reagents or RLi in the presence of CufI) salts... 

Copper(I) halide-catalyzed coupling reactions of perfluoro Gngnard reagents with allyl and propargyl halides have been reported [256], The acetylenic copper compound may be an intermediate in these reactions. 

All of the useful procedures described for the preparation of 4,4 -dimethyl-1,l -biphenyl involve coupling of either a 4-halotoluene by a metal or the corresponding Gngnard reagents by a metal halide 4 Halotoluenes can be coupled directly by treatment with lithium,7 sodium,8 10 magnesium,11 oi copper12 13, yields are, however, very low in the first three cases (5-15%) and only moderate (54-60%) when... 

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