Counter-clockwise hysteresis

Fig. 8. Relationship between natriuresis and furosemide excretion rate. The first observation representing counter-clockwise hysteresis has not been included in the fitting of the sigmoid max model. (From Wakelkamp M. Furosemide dosage input - consequences for diuretic effect, tolerance and efficiency. Diss. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 1997.)...

Drug distribution does not constitute the sole explanation for the appearance of a counter-clockwise hysteresis. Another reason may be that once the drug has reached its site of action, the cascade of receptor-related and post-receptor events leading to the measured drug effect takes time to develop and lags... 

Let us now take normal conditions. For CO oxidation over Pt catalysts, sufficiently complete studies have been carried out to identify the dependence of the reaction rate on the CO concentration VF(Cco) and temperature JF(T). For these dependences we can observe specific critical effects. They are the clockwise hysteresis for VF(Cco) and counter-clockwise hysteresis for W(T). It is these characteristics that we have obtained for the kinetic model of the adsorption mechanism. 

It has already been noted that counter-clockwise hysteresis can also exist in W(C02). Just this peculiarity has been found experimentally in the above parametric range (Fig. 32). 

Figure 13.6 Piezoelectric coefficient d and tan<5p of a single phase Bi4Ti30i2 ferroelectric ceramic with highly anisotropic grains, at room temperature. On the right are shown charge-pressure hysteresis loops at selected frequencies, with a clockwise hysteresis at 0.07 Hz and counter-clockwise hysteresis at 70 Hz. See [17] for details.

Table 2 presents hysteresis values for different gait phases in different velocities. In slow walking, moment-angle curve displayed clockwise loop. As speed changed to normal, hysteresis was nearly zero. At fast speeds, hysteresis loop was changed to counter-clockwise direction. 

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