Cosserat continuum

M. Becker, W. Hauger (1982). Granular material - Experimental realization of a plastic Cosserat continuum In Mechanics of Inelastic Media and Structures (eds. O. Mahrenholtz, A. Sawczuk), pp. 23-39. 

S. Diebels, W. Ehlers, T. Michelitsch (2001). Particle simulation as a microscopic approach to a Cosserat continuum./. Phys. IV, 11, 5203-5210. 

C. Tekoglu, P. Onck (2003). A comparison of discrete and Cosserat continuum analyses for cellular materials. In Cellular Metals and Metal Foaming Technology (Eds. J. Banhart, M. Ashby, M. Fleck). MlTVerlag, Berlin. 

Dehkordi (2008) conducted a three-dimensional Cosserat continuum simulation on layered geoma-trials using the parameters derived from the modified Hoek Brown criterion and concluded that the prediction coincides very well with the results of his analysis. 

Dehkordi, A.R. 2008. 3D Finite Element Cosserat Continuum Simulation of Layered Geomaterials. Phd... 

This assumption can be relinquished, resulting in the theory of a Cosserat continuum. In this case, infinitesimal material elements can transfer moments, resulting... 

The formulation of extended continua can be traced back to the Cosserat brothers [13], who enriched the standard continuum by rotational degrees of freedom. As a consequence, such a continuum does not only transfer stresses but also couples stresses. The Cosserat or micropolar theory is well established now [17, 22, 32]. It is successfully applied if materials with microstructure are modeled on the macroscale, e.g., the equivalence of the Cosserat model is shown for materials with lattice-Hke microstractures [1, 2, 16, 25, 34, 35, 41] and with granular materials [3-5, 8, 15]. Furthermore, the micropolar approach is taken into account if strain localization arises which in the framework of the standard continuum would lead to a mesh dependence in the numerical solution (see, e.g.. Ref [29]). The Cosserat model introduces a so-called internal length A in the theory which allows for the existence of solutions of the bound-... 

R. Lakes (1995). Experimental methods for study of Cosserat elastic solids and other generalized elastic continua. In Continuum Methods for Materials with Microstructures (Ed. H. Muhlhaus), pp. 1-25. John Wiley Chichester. 

While forces and moments are considered for the general mechanical system, the continuum usually is hmited to the introduction of the concept of forces. From this point of view, the Cosserat theory is mentioned here as an exception, see Rubin [157] for details. 

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