Copper Skeletal type

Experimentally induced copper deficiency produces anemia in a variety of animals. It produces an anemia. As one might expect, this type of anemia cannot be cured by iron. The heart may enlarge and the mitochondria of the heart may enlarge dramatically. The heart and arteries may rupture with deficiency, probably because of a drop in the activity of lysyl oxidase, a copper melallt enzyme involved in the synthesis of connective tissue proteins. Skeletal defects, such as osteoporosis, occur in experimental copper deficiency. Infections appear to affect copper metabolism. Infections can induce a threefold increase in plasma ceruloplasmin levels. Copper-deficient animals have a reduced ability to exercise, as measured by running on treadmills (Klevay and Medeiros, 1996). 

The use of copper-based catalysts for the reactions of ester hydrogenolysis and alcohol dehydrogenation is well established [2-26, 30,31]. Raney -type skeletal copper catalysts are widely used in these reactions [5-11,17-26,30,31]. However, significant catalyst deactivation is experienced [5-6,25-29]. Evans et al studied the hydrogenolysis of formates in the gas phase over a variety of copper-based catalysts, including skeletal copper and copper chromite... 

Decomposition of jS,7-unsaturated diazoketones of type (1) with copper sulfate in methanol proceeds by a skeletal rearrangement to 7,6-unsaturated esters (2) ... 

The dione (916) has a substantial strain energy (70—75 kcal mol ) and this is reflected in its thermal lability decomposition of (916) in hot solvents yields products resulting from extensive skeletal rearrangement, the product distribution being solvent dependent. The evidence points to a primary reaction pathway involving reverse [2 -t- 2] type addition to yield a bicyclo-alkenyl ketene. The copper-promoted reaction between tetrachlorodiazocyclopentadiene and octachlorocycloheptatriene yields the novel tetracycle (917) Intramolecular lactone formation initiated by electrophilic bromine attack on compounds of the type (918) has been studied. " ... 

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