Copper phalocyanine

The phthalonitrile process has the particular advantage over the phthalic anhydride process of forming ring-substituted chloro-copper phthalocyanines. Using copper(I)chloride produces so-called semi-chloro Copper Phalocyanine Blue, a pigment which possesses a statistical average of 0.5 chlorine atoms per copper phthalocyanine molecule. Copper(II)chloride, on the other hand, affords a product which comprises an average of one chlorine atom per copper phthalocyanine molecule. A prerequisite for the formation of the chloro substituted compound, however, is the absence of ammonia or urea in the reaction mixture. 

R. Raja, and R. Ratnasamy, Oxidation of cyclohexane over copper phalocyanines encapsulated in zeolites, Catal. Lett. 48, 1-10 (1998). 

Some of the reasons that certain colorants are more expensive than others are worth a little investigation. Copper phalocyanine (CPC) blues and greens are relatively nontoxic colorants, but they are manufactured overseas for the most part because the process has many byproducts that are hard on the environment. Cadmium colors (reds, oranges, and yellows) are manufactured from cadmium compounds that are highly toxic. The colorants (cadmium sulfos-elenides) are nontoxic but their products of incineration are toxic. All of these concerns and others apply to several classes of polymer additives and modifiers that themselves are only mildly toxic. 

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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ ]

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