Copper nanocrystals, formation

The experimental modeling of obtaining nanofilms after the alignment of copper compounds with polywinyl alcohol at 200°C revealed that optimal duration when the share of nanofilms approaches 100% equals 2.5 h. This corresponds to the calculated value based on the aforesaid Avrami equation. The calculations are made supposing the formation of copper nanocrystals on the nanofilms. It is pointed out that copper ions are predomi-... 

A. Quaranta, R. Ceccato, C. Menato, L. Pederiva, N. Capra, R. D. Maschio, Formation of copper nanocrystals in alkali-lime silica galss by means of different reducing agents, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 345 346 (2004) 671-675. 

Hollow Magnetic Nanocrystals Hollow nanoscale stmctures were first obtained by Y. Yin during the sulfurization of cobalt nanocrystals at elevated temperatures [145]. This process was found to lead to the formation of hollow cobalt sulfide nanocrystals such that, depending on the size of the cobalt nanocrystals and the cobalt sulfur molar ratio, different stoichiometries of hollow cobalt sulfide could be obtained. Hollow nanostmctures are usually formed through the nanoscale Kirkendall effect, which is based on the difference in diffusion rates of two species, and results in an accumulation and condensation of vacancies [146]. This phenomenon was first observed by Kirkendall at the interface of copper and zinc in brass in 1947 [147]. As a typical example of the nano-Kirkendall effect, the controllable oxidation of iron nanoparticles by air can lead to the formation of hollow iron oxide nanostructures, as shown in Figure 3.137. During the course of metal nanoparticle oxidation, the outward diffusion of metal occurs much faster in... 

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