Copper-constantan thermocouple tables

The potential generated for a copper-constantan thermocouple versus temperature is given in Table Q3.18 (Holman, 2001) ... 

TABLE Q3.18 Copper-Constantan Thermocouple Potential Versus Temperature... 

The table in Fig. 4.7 lists the change in the emf per kelvin of temperamre difference for a number of well-known thermocouples. Copper-constantan thermocouples, which have been given the letter T by the Instrument Society of... 

The freezing point of several samples of benzene was determined as a function of the time (Francis, Reading University). Some of the results obtained are given in table 1, where t denotes time and E the e.m.f. obtained with a copper-constantan single junction thermocouple for which 1 degree interval gave 39.0 pV. 

For general instruction on the use of thermocouples, see ASTM Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement (ASTM, 1981). The National Bureau of Standards publishes a complete set of thermocouple tables (Powell et al., 1974), and White (1987) provides a table of output voltage versus temperature for copper-constantan and two gold-iron thermocouple materials for cryogenic work. 

If you look at a thermocouple calibration table, you will see that it has a reference junction at 0°C. This reference point is used because of an interesting complication that arises when a thermocouple is hooked up to a voltmeter. To explain this phenomenon, first look at one specific type of thermocouple, a type T (cop-per-constantan design). Also, assume that the wires in the voltmeter are all copper. Once the thermocouple is hooked to the voltmeter, we end up having a total of three junctions (see Fig. 2.31) ... 

Table I. Thermoelectric Potential Differences for Gold-Cobalt, Constantan and "Normal Silver vs. Copper Thermocouples...

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