Cooper pairs in superconductors

Recombination of two polarons (similar to recombination of two electrons resulting in Cooper pairs in superconductors) leads to spinless bipolarons with a formal charge of two. Conversion between polaron and bipolaron states as a function of electrode potential is associated with changes in the spectra. 

In 1962, B. D. Josephson predicted that Cooper pairs in superconductors could tunnel through an insulating barrier without encountering electrical resistance, the Josephson effect. A Josephson junction allows current to flow with no resistance with no apphed field. However, at a critical voltage level, the Cooper pairs split up and normal quantum-mechanical tunneling occurs with resistive losses. The Josephson effect allows the fabrication of microelectronic switches and transistors that operate faster and with lower power loss than semiconductor devices. 

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