Control and Optimization of ESS

Of the supercapacitor-battery-fuel cell (ES-B-FC) systems discussed. Topology 5 was proposed as a superior means of enhancing the utilization of each system through efficient power supply and distribution to complement their inherent operational discharging and recharging mechanics. The control strategy, improvements, and optimizations are considered in relation to their application in power train systems. 

Block diagram of topology control strategy. (Source Bauman, J. and M. Kazerani. 2008. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 1,1483-1488. With permission.) 

Optimizing an ESS involves minimizing the costs of the system while maximizing its efficiency. To quantify this objective, Kazerani [16] used a function 

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