Thermal energy contraction driven

It was observed that in both the low- and high-temperature transitions, a higher transition temperature is conducive to both more accentuated lattice contractions and larger change in the intensities of the superlattice reflections. It therefore is considered that the mechanism of the high-temperature transition must be similar to that of the low-temperature transitions. To recapitulate, oxygen in the normal lattice sites enter the interstitial sites driven by the thermal energy available at the transition temperature, and this redistribution intensifies the superlattice reflections and simultaneously causes the lattice contractions. 

Axiom S At constant temperature, an energy input that changes the temperature interval for thermally driven hydrophobic association in a model protein can drive contraction, that is, oillike folding and assembly, with the performance of mechanical work in other words, the energy input moves the system through the transition zone for contraction due to hydrophobic association. 

To this point thermal and chemical energies have driven contraction without a change in amino acid composition of the basic model protein. An elastic sequence from the mammalian elastic fiber has been used as naturally found, albeit a sequence separate from and syn-... 

Actuators that generate movements and forces, such as bending, expansion and contraction driven by stimulation of electrical, chemical, thermal and optical energies, are different from rotating machines such as electric motors and internal combustion engines. There are many sorts of soft actuators made of polymers [1-3], gels [4] and nanotubes [5]. Particularly, biomimetic actuators are interesting because of the application to artificial muscles that will be demanded for medical equipment, robotics and replacement of human muscle in the future. 

Since cooling of the PVME cell happens spontaneously and the lost heat power is fixed, while the heating power can be regulated by the electrical energy dissipated into the resistors, the heating-cooling cycle is not symmetric. Therefore, if the PVME contraction can be practically as fast as desired, its relaxation time is fixed and slow. This fact limits the application of the PVME gel motor (as all thermally driven mechanisms such as shape memory alloys) to phenomena that do not have very fast kinetics. 

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