Contact interactions schematic diagram

A new ion source has been developed for rapid, non-contact analysis of materials at ambient pressure and at ground potential [8,9], The new source, termed direct analysis in real time (DART), is based on the atmospheric pressure interactions of long-lived electronic excited-state atoms or vibronic excited-state molecules with the sample and atmospheric gases. Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of the DART ion source. 

Fig 6 shows the single-stage system, which is referred to as plasma-driven catalysis [77]. In the PDC process, catalysts arc directly placed in the NTP reactor. These catalysts arc activated by NTP at low temperature region, where the thermal catalysis docs not occur. The shape of catalyst is cither of honeycomb, foam or pellet. In contrast to the PEC system, all reactions of gas-phase, surface and their interaction lake place simultaneously. In this sense, it is quite complicate to understand and optimize the chemical reactions in the PDC system. In an early USA patent, Henis proposed a PDC reactor for NO.r removal. Figure 7 shows the schematic diagram of the PDC reactor proposed by Henis [78], which is quite similar to those used in recent studies. The gases arc introduced to the reaction zone through the contact materials for heat transfer purpose. The catalysts listed in the patent are alumina, zirconium silicate, cobalt oxide, Thoria, activated carbon, molecular sieves, silica gel etc. 

Figure 49. A schematic diagram of the total interaction energy of two bodies. U refers to the energy due to the van der Waals attractive force between two interacting bodies, V refers to the energy due to the electrostatic interaction (repulsive) force, is the short-range repulsive interaction energy. R is the distance between the two bodies. The total interaction energy = L/r + 1/ + V (dotted curves). Curves A and B are the cases where there is a maximum (primary maximum) between two areas of minimum (primary minimum and secondary minimum). Curve C is the case where there is no maximum (no barrier) so that the two bodies could come in close contact with each other at the primary minimum region.

Figure 17.4 Schematic diagram of the interactions for the contact between a solid and a liquid with the SFE value being the same as the ST value, 50mN/m. The top panel Ulustrates the case of complete wetting as a result of liquid and solid having the same degree of polarity. The bottom panel shows the case of incomplete wetting. The values for IFT, contact angle and work of adhesion were calculated according to the OWRK approach.

Figure 10 Schematic diagram for the mixing of a copolymer (1,2) with a homopolymer (3). If the units 1 and 2 of the copolymer have a sufficiently unfavorable interaction, they will preferentially mix with 3 to reduce the number of 1-2 contacts...

Figure 8.4 Schematic phase diagram for an adsorption system exhibiting prewetting. The solid curve shows the coexistence of gas and hquid phases in contact with the surface and is nearly the same as the curve for the hulk material, somewhat modified because of the efiects of the gas—solid interactions upon the adsorbate phases. The adsorbate gas—hquid critical temperature (denoted by in this figure) depends upon the gas—sohd potential but is not very different from that for the bulk. (A simulated value of 0.94 was obtained for a truncated LJ 12-6 potential [23], compared with the bulk T of 1.23 for the same model.) The dashed curve is the prewetting line where thin and thick films can coexist and T, is the prewetting critical temperature where the difference between thick and thin films vanishes.

Fig. 2.15. The helix-helix contacts in myoglobin (from Richmond and Richards, (1978). The number of interaction sites and variations of accessible surface area upon interactions are indicated in the upper diagram for each pair of interacting helices (i.e., G-H, B-E, B-G, A-H, F-H, and B-D). The lower drawing is a schematic representation of the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.

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