Constant declaration

Constant declaration—Musi precede variable declarations and be of ihe form CONST... 

GAMS has a powerful feature which allows sets to be declared. Sets allow for subscripted variables used in variable and constant declarations, as well as equation definitions. As an example of the utility of declaring sets, an optimization problem might contain the five constraints ... 

The expression specifies the value of the constant. It is only optional when making the constant declaration inside a package declaration. In this case, the value of the deferred constant must be assigned in the associated package body. 

The declared efficiency and power factor of a motor are affected by its loading. Irrespective of the load, no-load losses as well as the reactive component of the motor remain constant. The useful stator current, i.e. the phase current minus the no-load current of a normal induction motor, has a power factor as high as 0.9-0.95. But because of the magnetizing current, the p.f. of the motor does not generally exceed 0.8-0.85 at full load. Thus, at loads lower than rated, the magnetizing current remaining the same, the power factor of the motor decreases sharply. The efficiency, however, remains practically constant for up to nearly 70% of load in view of the fact that maximum efficiency occurs at a load when copper losses (f R) are equal to the no-load losses. Table 1.9 shows an approximate variation in the power factor and efficiency with the load. From the various tests conducted on different types and sizes of motors, it has been established that the... 

Parameter statement—Declares the name of a constant whose value cannot be changed in the program... 

Constant—Type and value assigned at declaration, and once defined, neither type nor value may be changed. 

Variable—Type assigned at declaration and may not be changed value assigned by a numerical or character constant, by input or by an expression. 

In standard Pascal, although only in a few implementations of the language, a function or procedure name may also be a parameter to a sub-prograrn. The constants, types, and variables used in a sub-program, as well as those in the main program, must be declared (see following declarations). 

The calorific value is constantly monitored, and it is a condition of the Gas (Declaration of Calorific Value) Regulations 1972 that alterations in the declared calorific value (CV) are publicly made known. It is customary to quote the gross (upper) CV rather than the net (lower) CV. The difference between the two represents the heat contained in the latent heat of vaporization of the water vapor in the products of combustion that can only be recovered in condensing appliances. 

A package can contain definitions of constants. It can also contain descriptions of prototypical instances as used in snapshots, scenarios, or interaction diagrams or can even contain a global declaration of a name that refers to a particular object. 

Declarations Names that are declared in this package for types, actions, classes, invari- / ants, constants, and nested packages.2... 

The use of the symbol ku for the second of these quantities allows its meaning to remain clear. Rather than taking the equivalent symbol k0 for the first group we have chosen to use e, which will declare in advance to mathematicians our prejudice that this will in general be a small quantity. For our example data, e — 1 x 10-3 and ku = 1 x 10 2. We may also note that there will be no need for a dimensionless measure of the rate constant /c,. This is because we have already involved it in the concentration scale. 

They suggested that the terra in [I-] in equation (61) corresponded to a mechanism in which the iodide ion acted as a nucleophilic catalyst. These results of Gielen and Nasielski have been disputed by Pilloni and Tagliavini51 who declare that in the iodinolysis of tetramethyllead in solvent acetonitrile. . the product /t°2bs-[r] is fairly constant within the limit of experimental error . Their results are given in Table 28. It may be seen that the values of A 5bs [I ] are not quite constant, and can be fitted to an expression of the same type as equation (61), viz. ... 

If elements, species, stability constants, and/or solubility constants that are unavailable in an existing data set, should be used for one task only, it is advisable to define them directly in the input file rather than to change the data set itself. As a declaration in an input file always has a higher rank, it overwrites information of a data set. Like in a data set, the keyword SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES has to be used to define the element (e.g. C), the ionic form (e.g. C03-2), the contribution of the element to alkalinity (e.g. 2.0), the mole mass of the species for... 

Informed consent and experimental procedures were consistent with the Declaration of Helsinki All volunteers were in good health except an elderly subject who was studied because he had gluten enteropathy All volunteers living in the metabolic unit were fed constant mixed diets prepared from conventional foods All subjects were chaperoned when they left the metabolic unit to prevent ingestion of unauthorized foods or loss of excreta samples ... 

Next, it was declared that the comparison of calculations with selected experiments cannot be used as a universal criterion for model development and selection of rate constants, or should be restricted and at least performed very carefully. The values of the kinetic parameters were taken from independent measurements, theoretical calculations, or semi-empirical estimations. So, the invariability of rate constants for the description of any particular experiments was accepted as the one of the main principle. 

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