Conical characteristic dimensions

Fig. 4.10 Characteristic dimensions of conical-cylindrical spouted beds.

The Stedman-type column is shown in Fig. 11, 56, 25. The characteristic features are (i) the use of a fine stainless steel wire cloth formed into conical discs, and (ii) an accurately fitting Pyrex glass jacket, produced by shrinking Pyrex glass on mandrels to the required inside dimensions. Modifications incorporating a silvered vacuum jacket and an electrically-heated jacket are marketed. This column is said to possess high efficiency but is expensive. It is generally employed in conjunction with a total-condensation variable take-off still head. 

In most experimental techniques, ultrasonic vibrations are intrcxluced into the liquid from a solid. This is possible either by direct contact of the liquid with the ultrasonic transducer or indirectly by means of a coupling member, the so-called ultrasonic horn. The use of horns avoids the contact of the liquid that is being irradiated with the transducer. If necessary, the intensity can be increase over small volumes by characteristic geometrical forms of the horn. Usually cylindrical, conical, catenoidal or exponential horns are u (5). In the latter case the vibration ami itude increases along the bar inversely with the cone diameter. The dimensions of ultrasonic horns... 

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