Conformational change biological molecules

As we have seen above, FRET is a technique that provides precise information about distances between 10 and 100 A which is in the range of the size of biological molecules and proteins. Researchers have taken advantage of this feature and developed different strategies to synthesize FRET sensors that are able to follow in real time and with high sensitivity very diverse processes such as enzymatic activity, conformational change, or molecule-molecule interaction. The design of these FRET sensors is described below. 

One of the most characteristic features of FRET is its sensitive dependency on the fluorophore distance. This is advantageously used to evaluate structures and conformational changes of peptides, glycopeptides, and proteins among other molecules [164-166], The conformational change of the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin from an inactive linear form to a biological active cyclic form... 

The several theoretical and/or simulation methods developed for modelling the solvation phenomena can be applied to the treatment of solvent effects on chemical reactivity. A variety of systems - ranging from small molecules to very large ones, such as biomolecules [236-238], biological membranes [239] and polymers [240] -and problems - mechanism of organic reactions [25, 79, 223, 241-247], chemical reactions in supercritical fluids [216, 248-250], ultrafast spectroscopy [251-255], electrochemical processes [256, 257], proton transfer [74, 75, 231], electron transfer [76, 77, 104, 258-261], charge transfer reactions and complexes [262-264], molecular and ionic spectra and excited states [24, 265-268], solvent-induced polarizability [221, 269], reaction dynamics [28, 78, 270-276], isomerization [110, 277-279], tautomeric equilibrium [280-282], conformational changes [283], dissociation reactions [199, 200, 227], stability [284] - have been treated by these techniques. Some of these... 

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