Computer software CHARMM

California), Sibyl (Tripos, Missouri), ChemX (Chemical Design, UK), BioGraf (Molecular Simulations, California), Charmm/Quanta (Polygen Corp., Massachusetts), PC Model (Serena Software, Indiana), ChemLab (ChemLab Inc., Illinois), and a large number of personal computer-based packages. 

Academia has been rich in producing theoretical computational methodology that underpins molecular modeling. The following software arose from universities or private and publicly funded institutes AMBER [10], INSIGHT [11,12], CHARMM [13], SYBYL [14], GRID [15], DOCK [16] and HINT (Hydropathic INTeractions) [39]. All except AMBER were commercialized. 

Many of the aforementioned features are combined in integrated molecular modeling software such as SYBYL, Chem-X, COSMIC,80 Quanta and CHARMm, BIOGRAF, Insight and Discover, Chemlab, and MOLIDEA. These packages are available on a variety of hardware platforms ranging from personal computers (PCs) to mainframe computers. 

Table 1 presents a list of the major software that currently solves the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for biomolecular systems. A variety of such programs exist, ranging from multipurpose computational biology packages (e.g., CHARMM, Jaguar, UHBD, and MacroDox) to specialized PB solvers (e.g., APBS, MEAD, and DelPhi). 

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