Computer-generated images

Computer-Generated Images Show the Electron Distribution in Molecules As an aid to visualizing structure, we have used Spartan software to portray the distribution of electrons in many molecules. 

This computer-generated image of an octane molecule shows that its eight carbon atoms (blue) form a continuous chain and have a total of 18 hydrogen atoms (white) attached. (Image from HyperChem software,... 

Figure 44.7 Computer generated images of six amino acids using different representations (a) stick, (b) balis, (c) baiis and cyiinders and (d) sticks and dots.

Two molecules of complex structure may form a stable complex only when those parts that are important for the binding can come into close contact. From the point of view of the molecular surfaces, this means that both surfaces have to be complementary to some extent in the binding area. This surface complementarity can be identified in simple cases just by inspection of the computer-generated images, although this technique is not very useful for systematic searches. To achieve the latter, a formal classification is necessary. Several methods for the characterization of surfaces in topological terms have been proposed.Mezey and co-workers have established a method for topological analysis of contour... 

A computer-generated image of part of the Southern Hemisphere on October 17, 1994, reveals the ozone hole" (black and purple areas) over Antarctica and the tip of South America. Relatively law ozone levels (blue and green areas) extend into much of South America as well as Central America. Normal ozone levels are shown in yellow, orange, and red. The ozone hole is not stationary but moves about as a result of air currents. (Courtesy NASA)... 

The scanner is moved up and down in z-direction during the scan, in order to keep the resonance frequency constant. Similarly to the constant force mode in contact mode a surface of constant force gradient is measured. The computer generates image as a function of the motion of the scanner. 

Figure 19 Computer-generated images of carbon nanostructures showing (A) a spherical C60 fullerene Buckyball structure, (B) a conical form, (C) a SWNT and (D) a cylindrical multiwalled CNT MWNT. Abbreviations SWNT, single-walled nanotube MWNT, multiwalled nanotube. Source From Ref. 102.

Fullerenes are carbon molecules, which can be prepared in the form of hollow spheres, ellipsoids or tubes. Computer generated images of carbon nanostructures have been published (102) and are shown in Figure 19. 

Inferring Compare the diagrams of the molecules with the computer-generated images of the molecules produced by the STM. How are the conclusions about the molecular structure obtained using conventional methods supported by the photos ... 

The kinematics of human movement has been studied by animators interested in making computer-generated characters move in realistic ways. By recording actors while they perform choreographed dances and movements, it is possible to get complex kinematic data into a computer, which can then be used to animate a computer-generated image. 

To obtain photorealistic representation in computer-generated images, effects must be applied that correspond to the mathematical laws of physics. In still images, computational techniques such as ray tracing and reflection must be used to imitate the effect of light sources and reflective surfaces. 

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