Complexity-shunt processes

One may note that there are instances in which a given object directly influences, if not determines, the behaviour of a large organism of much higher complexity, as in the case of psychotropes, where molecules directly affect the psychical state. These may be considered as complexity-shunt processes due to interactions and connections that (apparently) bypass intermediate levels of complexity. Another aspect resides in the ways and means to control the behaviour of complex systems [10.19]. 

Sehemc4.t t. Catalytic cycle for the reduction of 317 halides by palladium complexes. Outer circle represents the electrochemical process, I. = Hly,P and. some anionic ligands are omitted for clarity. Tlie inner shunt is the non-elcciroehemieal reaction with arylzinc halides. 

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