Combination step tubular reactors

Different types of reactors - a tubular reactor, five combinations of Kenics mixers connected in series, and the microstructured reactor - were compared for the t-Boc protection step [34]. 

Recent developments in shift catalyst formulations allow the combination of high temperature and low temperature shift reactors in a single medium temperature step. The medium temperature shift catalyst is a copper-based catalyst that operates in the range of 260-280°C (500-540 F). Carbon monoxide conversion is improved, resulting in an overall savings on feed and fuel of 0.3% to 0.8% [2]. The medium temperature shift reactor has been commercially proven with isothermal tubular reactors, however, the use of an adiabatic reactor with intercooling is also possible. 

Triethanolamine is produced from ethylene oxide and ammonia at 5 atm total pressure via three consecutive elementary chemical reactions in a gas-phase plug-flow tubular reactor (PFR) that is not insulated from the surroundings. Ethylene oxide must react with the products from the first and second reactions before triethanolamine is formed in the third elementary step. The reaction scheme is described below via equations (1-1) to (1-3). All reactions are elementary, irreversible, and occur in the gas phase. In the first reaction, ethylene oxide, which is a cyclic ether, and ammonia combine to form monoethanolamine ... 

Let the pellets be placed in a flowing stream of reactants inside a tubular reactor. Restricting our attention now to a single pellet and its immediate environment, the various steps involved in the overall process are shown in Figure 7.1. This physical-chemical circuit is built in analogy with the electrical circuit shown at the bottom of the figure. Clearly, the overall process is a complex combination... 

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