Collider, high-energy

Then the O atoms, which are reactive radicals with two unpaired electrons, react with the more abundant 02 molecules to form ozone. The ozone molecules are created in such a high-energy state that their vibrational motions would quickly tear them apart unless another molecule, such as 02 or N2, collides with them first. The other molecule, indicated as M, carries off some of the energy ... 

The high-energy electrons collide with the gas molecules with resulting dissociation and generation of reactive chemical species and the initiation of the chemical reaction. 

Neutron attenuation Emits high-energy neutrons into the soil that collide with hydrogen atoms associated with soil water and counts the number of pulses, which is correlated to moisture content Consists of a probe inserted into access boreholes with aluminum or polyvinyl chloride casing... 

Transition state theory complements collision theory. When particles collide with enough energy to react, called the activation energy, Ea, the reactants form a short-lived, high energy activated complex, or transition state, before forming the products. The transition state also could revert back to the reactants. 

The physicochemical basis behind the technique of radiocarbon dating is the isotopic abundances of carbon s three isotopes 12C is the normal form and constitutes 98.9 per cent of all naturally occurring carbon. 13 C is the other naturally occurring isotope, with an abundance of about 1 per cent. 14C does not occur naturally, but tiny amounts of it are formed when high-energy particles from space collide with gases in the upper atmosphere, thus causing radiochemical modification. 

Cosmic rays Protons and a particles that enter Earth s atmosphere from outer space. When they collide with atoms or molecules of atmospheric gas, high-energy neutrons can be given off These neutrons can then undergo nuclear reactions with other atmospheric gas atoms and molecules. 

---