Cognitive stages

Anderson (1982) has also proposed a three-stage model of skill acquisition, distinguishing among cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages. The cognitive stage corresponds to early practice in which a learner exerts effort to comprehend the natme of the task and how it should be performed. 

Developed by Lavidge Steiner (1961), this model sees the consumer pass through a cognitive stage (awareness and knowledge) and an affective stage... 

Reason s error types can be related to the stages in the cognitive process at which thty occur. For the cognitive stages of planning, storage and execution the primary error types are mistakes, l >ses and sUps respectivety. 

Cognitive stage Skill-based error Rasmussen et al.. 

Surry s decision model and Rasmussen s framework for cognitive stages have served as bases for the development of human error taxonomies. Reason distinguishes between errors at different performance levels ... 

Generally, anticholinesterases produce some improvement in cognitive function and the quality of life in the early stages of AzD but that needs to be balanced against side-effects. 

AD is a progressive disease, which over time affects multiple areas of cognition. The symptoms of AD can be divided into cognitive symptoms, non-cognitive symptoms (i.e., behavioral), and functional symptoms for assessment and treatment purposes. Table 32-4 describes the stages of cognitive decline.25,26... 

Stage 1 No cognitive impairment No memory problems and no impairment is evident to a health care professional. 

Stage 3 Mild cognitive decline Friends, family, and coworkers begin to notice deficiencies problems with names or words become evident performance issues become evident retention of reading material declines losing valuable objects decline in planning and organizational abilities. 

Stage 4 Moderate cognitive decline (mild or early-stage AD) Medical interview detects clear-cut deficiencies decreased knowledge of current events impaired ability to perform difficult mathematical problems (e.g., serial 7 s) decreased ability to perform complex tasks (managing finances) decreased recall of personal history individuals may become withdrawn and subdued. 

Stage 5 Moderately severe cognitive decline (moderate AD) Major gaps in memory appear and assistance with day-to-day activities is necessary inability to recall details such as current address and telephone number may begin difficulty with orientation to place and time less challenging mathematical problems may become difficult (e.g., serial 4 s or 2 s) can still recall their own name and those of spouse and children. 

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