Coal continued presence

Physical Properties. Most of the physical properties discussed herein depend on the direction of measurement as compared to the bedding plane of the coal. Additionally, these properties vary according to the history of the piece of coal. Properties also vary between pieces because of coal s britde nature and the crack and pore stmcture. One example concerns electrical conductivity. Absolute values of coal sample specific conductivity are not easy to determine. A more characteristic value is the energy gap for transfer of electrons between molecules, which is deterrnined by a series of measurements over a range of temperatures and is unaffected by the presence of cracks. The velocity of sound is also dependent on continuity in the coal. 

Electrical conductivity depends on several factors, such as temperature, pressure, and moisture content of the coal. The electrical conductivity of coal is quite pronounced at high temperatures [especially above 600°C (1112°F)], where coal structure begins to break down. Moisture affects electrical conductivity to a marked extent, resulting in a greatly increased conductivity. To prevent any anomalies from the conductance due to water, the coal is usually maintained in a dry, oxygen-free atmosphere, and to minimize the problems that can arise, particularly because of the presence of water, initial measurements are usually taken at approximately 200°C (392°F) and then continued to lower temperatures. 

The reactor section of the plant consists of the reactor, which together with other equipment carries out a continuous conversion of waste plastic to fuels. The molten waste plastic, free of chlorine, nitrogen and other organic impurities, is fed in to the reactor at the top end and allowed to flow over a heated surface at 350°C in the presence of the coal and patented additives. Upon contact with the hot surface and the mixture of coal and additives, the viscous waste plastic converts to gaseous form. 

Several investigations were carried out to remove toxic heavy metal ions from waste water by biosorption. Microbial cells loaded with heavy metals were recovered by flotation, e.g. Streptomyces griseus and S clavuUgerus loaded with Pb [108] and Streptomyces pilosus loaded with Cd [109]. In these flotation processes the microbial cells were dead therefore, they are not considered here. The removal of pyritic sulfur from coal slurries such as coal/water mixtures by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and recovery of this iron-oxidizing bacterium by flotation is a special technique in the presence of high concentrations of solid particles (see e.g. [110]). The flotation of colloid gas aphrons was used for the recovery of yeast in continuous operation [ 111 ] for the recovery of micro algae, and in the presence of flocculants in batch operation [112]. These special techniques are not discussed here. 

Inferred coal resources Coal in unexplored extensions of the d onstrated resources for which estimates of the quality and size are based on geologic evidence and projection quantitative estimates are based largely on broad knowledge of the geologic character of the deposit and for which there are few, if any, samples or measurements—the estimates are based on an assumed continuity or repletion of which there is geologic evidence this evidence may include comparison with deposits of similar type bodies that are completely concealed may be included if there is specific geologic evidence of their presence the points of observation are 1 1/2-6 miles apart. 

Unfortunately, the maximum temperature (190°C) at which this fibre can continuously operate is somewhat lower than the previous hbres, and if the oxygen content of the gas stream were also high, e.g. 15% or more, degradation due to thermal oxidation could be expected, thus reducing the maximum operating level still further. The presence of bromine as found in certain coals is also known to have a deleterious effect on this hbre. 

---