Clonazepam Ethanol

Hammad and Muller (1998) studied the effect of addition of alcohol with different hydrophilicity, such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol as well as 2-phenylethano on clonazepam solubility in MM. Addition of alcohols with ascending lipophilicity beginning with ethanol, propanol, and upto butanol, insigniLcantly affected clonazepam solubility in MM. Addition of pentanol cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol increased the solubility to different degrees. The increase in the lipophilicity of alcohol increased its afLnity to the micellar phase and hence a higher concentration of the alcohol in the micellar phase is expected. 

Noninterfering acetaminophen, acetylmorphine, amiodarone, amobarbital, amphetamine, bendroflumethiazide, benzocaine, benzoylecgonine, benzthiazide, butalbital, carbamaze-pine, chlorothiazide, clonazepam, cocaine, codeine, cotinine, cyclosporine, cyclothiazide, desalkylflurazepam, diamorphine, dicumerol, ephedrine, ethaciynic acid, ethanol, eth-chlorvynol, ethosuximide, furosemide, glutethimide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydroflumethiazide, hydromorphone, lorazepam, mephentermine, meprobamate, meth-amphetamine, metharbital, methoxsalen, methoxyphenteramine, methsuximide, meth-ylcyclothiazide, metoprolol, MHPG, monoacetylmorphine, morphine, normethsuximide, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, phenteramine, phenylephrine, phenytoin, polythiazide, primidone, prochlorperazine, salicylic acid, sulfanilamide, THC-COOH, theophylline, thiazolam, thiopental, thioridazine, tocainide, trichlo-romethiazide, trifluoperazine, valproic acid, warfarin... 

Experimentally, benzodiazepines inhibit some types of seizure activity. Clonazepam, nitrazepam, and nordazepam have more selective anticonvulsant activity than most other benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines also suppress ethanol-withdrawal seizures in human beings. However, the development of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects has limited the usefulness of benzodiazepines in the treatment of recurrent seizure disorders (see Chapter 19). 

Other uses Thiopental is commonly used for the induction of anesthesia, and certain benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam, midazolam) are used as components of anesthesia protocols. Special uses include the management of seizure disorders (eg, clonazepam, phenobarbital) and muscle spasticity (diazepam). Longer-acting dmgs (eg, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam) are used in the management of withdrawal states in persons physiologically dependent on ethanol and other sedative-hypnotics. 

Serum levels of clonazepam are decreased by the enzyme-inducing properties of phenobarbitai, phenytoin, and CBZ. Concurrent administration of amphetamines, methylphenidate, ethanol, antianxiety drugs, or antipsychotics may cause CNS depression or altered respiration. The combined administration of clonazepam and valproate may cause absence status, and in patients displaying a mixed seizure pattern, clonazepam may precipitate grand mal seizures. 

---