Clinker density

Once the thermal runaway had become established, the high temperature could allow a smelting reaction (reduction of lead oxides by carbon to metallic lead) to occur, and the low m.p. and high density (327°C, 10.6, respectively) would cause the molten lead to concentrate at the base of the reactor, decreasing the lead content and raising the manganese content of the bulk of the clinker residue, as was observed [2],... 

The bulk density of a clinker, determined under standard conditions by rejecting material passing a 5-mm sieve, pouring the remainder into a conical container, and weighing, is called the litre weight. This quantity, which is typically 1.25-1.35 kg 1 gives some indication of the operating conditions. Its optimum value depends on the composition. 

The measured true density of clinker is typically 3150-3200 kg m the value calculated from the X-ray densities and typical proportions of the individual phases is about 3200kgm" The difference is probably due mainly to the presence of pores inaccessible to the fluids used in the experimental determination. Using mercury porosimetry. Butt et al. (B35) determined pore size distributions and discussed their relations with burning and cooling conditions and grindability. 

Furthermore two types of polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer (PCE) with varying charge density of the backbone were chosen for the investigations. The backbone charge determines the adsorption velocity of superplasticizers on clinker phases and early hydration products and thus influences the time dependent rheological performance as well as the setting. Table 1 provides a detailed overview of the used admixtures. 

The basis for rate cements to individual kinds is cement composition based principally on chemical determinations, to which belong insoluble residue and loss on ignition. They are principally linked with cement additions. For quantitative slag content determination from long time the light microscopy is used, and the accuracy of this method is assessed to be 5 % (Fig. 1.6). Lastly also the methods of separation in heavy liquids are recommended, based on the density differences of individual cement components clinker about 3.1 g/cm, slag 2.85 g/... 

Alite is a solid-solution series of trigonal, monoclinic, and triclinic modifications of impure tricalcium silicate, which is generally termed C S in the cement industry. Substitution of magnesium and aluminum for silicon causes triclinic pseudotrigonal forms to change to monoclinic pseudotrigonal forms other substitutions may involve iron and sodium. Alite may include up to approximately 4 percent impurity (Ghosh, 1983). It comprises 40 to 70 percent of normal portland cement clinker. Its density is 3.13 to 3.22 Mg/m. ... 

Beta dicalcium silicate is metastable below 670°C and monoclinic, with an n ofl.717,an n ofl.722,and of 1.736 and parallel to b birefringence is 0.019. The (h-) 2 Vis 64° to 69°, with the axial plane (010). The beta form exhibits very close polysynthetic twinning (Chromy, 1970). It comprises most of belite in clinker. Cleavage is poor on (100) and (010). Colors range from colorless to yellow or brown. Density is 3.28 Mg/m. Boikova (1980) reported a typical yellow color and spotty surface (not striated). 

Product fume from a dehalogenation kiln is usually cooled in a rotary drum cooler. The raw fiime will greatly increase its bulk density and particle size, and will require grinding before feeding to a leaching operation. The presence of some impurities in the fume can influence the densification, for instance the presence of sihca derived from dust carry-over from the fuming operation can be of concern if above 0.5 per cent in raw fiime, since it tends to form a hard clinker, which is difficult to grind. 

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