Cleaning experiments

All sulfur values are reported on a moisture and ash-free basis. Each set of values is for the product from a single cleaning experiment. Adapted from reference 20. 

Standard Conditions. The results for several cleaning experiments on the Pittsburgh No. 8 (PT8) and Illinois No. 6 (IL6 or IL6A) coals are presented in Table II. For the Pittsburgh coal cleaned under standard conditions (runs 3 and 16), 77-82% ash removal and 65-72% sulfur removal were achieved with recoveries around 85-90%. For the Illinois coal, (IL6 6, IL6A 1, and IL6A 2), the ash and sulfur removal was better at 87-89% and 72-78%, respectively, while recovery was lower at 75-79% on a moisture- and ash-free (MAF) basis. 

This used to be a common way of distinguishing methyl, methylene and methine carbons. However, as can be seen in the spectrum above, it is not a clean experiment methylene carbons with non-equivalent protons attached often give particularly messy results ( 8.2.2). /-modulated spin-echoes, INEPT or DEPT provide much more reliable ways of determining multiplicities ( 3.3.2 and 8.5). 

These results on dislocations illustrate the simplifying advantage of a metal in supporting no electronic defects, but show also the basic difficulty of a lack of convenient and specific markers for the defects produced. The possibility of interference by surface impurities was not eliminated, although metals can usually be studied under cleaner conditions than can any other class of substance. The extreme care necessary for clean experiments is perhaps not justified for radiation experiments with dislocations, because mechanical working is a simpler and more nearly universal way of introducing them (54). 

FIG. 13.8 Relative soap scum cleaning experiments done with formulas at different pH with and without glycol ether solvents. 

Single crystal (100) silicon wafers were used for cleaning experiments (provided by the Wacker Siltronic Corporation). The thickness of the wafers was typically 0.16 mm. The surface roughness Ra is 0.06 pm. 

With chips not coated covalently with proteins, you can wash matrix and sample residues off after measuring and then reuse the chip. However, for important and clean experiments you should use new chips. Which new possibilities does SELDI offer ... 

This is extra-good for ideas and talking. It is indeed a clean experience, and superb for communication. 

At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), we have been using computer data-base management systems to inanage benchmark data in two formats (a) the bibliography of experimental criticality data and (b) the numerical benchmarks in a form ready for use by criticality computer codes. The first of these efforts resulted in a three-volume publication of references relevant to well-documented relatively clean experiments. It contains indexes and concordances that can be used profitably without access to the data base. We will present some examples of how this publication has helped us find benchmark data for a computational... 

Such clean experiments are Bartlett s hallmark, but with Hammond and Kwart he fearlessly entered the thicket of inhibitors and retarders and through the fifties followed its path to separate investigations of sulfur chemistry and the complex chemistry of iodine widi styrene. 

---