Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel

Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel (1822-88) German theoretical... 

Physicist Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius was born January 2, 1822, in Koeslin, Pomerania, Prussian province (now Koszalin, Poland). He was the sixth son of eighteen children born to teacher and a Protestant minister. Clausius attended gymnasium (secondary school) in Stettin and from 1840 the University in Berlin, where he studied mathematics... 

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius. (Corbis Corporationj... 

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius = Rudolf Gottlieb (1822-1888). 

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius, bom Jan. 2, 1822, in Kolin, died Aug. 24, 1888, in Bonn. 

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (1822-1888). German physicist. Clausius s work was mainly in electricity, kinetic theory of gases, and thermodynamics. 

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (1822-1888), a German physicist and mathematician, was one of the founders of thermodynamics. By his restatement of Carnot s principle, he put the theory of heat on a sounder basis. His most important paper On the mechanical theory of heat (1850) first stated the ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865, he introduced the concept of entropy. He also contributed to the kinetic theory of gases by including translational, rotational, and vibrational molecular motions, and introduced the mean free path of a particle. Clausius deduced the Clausius-Cla-peyron relation - see Eq. (3.1.45) below - based on thermodynamic considerations. This law on phase transition had originally been developed in 1834 by Emile Clapeyron. 

In the early 19th century (1803), Dalton proposed his atomic theory. In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro made clear the distinction between atoms and molecules of elementary substances, hi addition, the concepts of heat, energy, work, and temperature were developed. The first law of thermodynamics was set forth by Julius Robert von Mayer and the second law of thermodynamics was postulated by Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). Later in the century, Clausius, Ludwig Boltzmarm, and James Clerk Maxwell related the ideal gas law in terms of a kinetic theory of matter. This led to the kinetics of reactions and the laws of chemical equilibrium. 

Gibbs, 1889] J. W. Gibbs. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius, 1 889. Reprinted in The Scientific papers of J. Willard Gibbs, Vol. 2, p. 262 (New York Dover, 1961)... 

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius, German physicist, K6slin (now Koszalin) 2.1.1822, fBonn 24.8.1888 one of the developers of the mechanical theory of heat his achievements encompass the formulation of the second law and the introduction of the entropy concept. 

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