Classification of ion exchange

Figore 4-3. Classification of ion exchangers based on the strength of their charged functional groups. 

Table 3.2 reports the classification of the different types of fuel cells with some technical characteristics [6]. In this table the different electrolytes are specified together with the type of ions exchanged through them, while the catalysts indicated are those used on both anode and cathode to accelerate the semi-reactions (not necessary for SOFC thanks to their high operative temperature). 

Table 3.2 Classification of preparation methods of ion exchange membranes... 

Chemical transformations corresponding to schemes I and II, in terms of traditional classification represent ion exchange and neutralization reactions, respectively. However, with respect to polyion interaction these processes can be considered as polyion addition reactions. 

Fig. 1. Classification of chromatographic systems where gsc is gas—soHd chromatography glc, gas—Hquid chromatography sec, size-exclusion chromatography Isc, Hquid—soHd chromatography Uc, Hquid—Hquid chromatography iec, ion-exchange chromatography tic, thin-layer chromatography ...

Processes and/or unit operations that fall under this classification include adsorption, ion exchange, stripping, chemical oxidation, and membrane separations. All of these are more expensive than biological treatment but are used for removal of pollutants that are not easily removed by biomass. Often these are utilized in series with biologic treatment but sometimes they are used as stand-alone processes. 

Table 20.1 Classification of Metal Ions on the Basis of H20 Exchange Rate. ...

The classification of chromatography as gel permeation chromatography (GPC size-exclusion chromatography, SEC gel filtration, GF), ion exchange chromatography (lEC), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), and affinity chromatography (AC) is... 

Ionization, hydrate and coordination isomerism are classifications of constitutional isomerism that originated with Werner.27,28 Ionization and hydrate isomerism (equation 1) apply to cases in which there is a ligand exchange between primary and outer coordination spheres, whereas coordination isomerism (equation 2) arises in systems containing at least two metal ions, so that alternative primary coordination spheres are available. 

The original classification of LC methods in Chapter 1 included five types liquid-solid (LSC), liquid-liquid (LLC), bonded phase (BPC), ion exchange (IEC), and size exclusion (SEC). The many other types of LC, such as ion chromatography and ion-pair chromatography, are discussed at the appropriate places within these five main types. 

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