Cladistics morphological

Jacobson, N. and Weller, S. J. (2001). A Cladistic Study of the Tiger Moth Family Arctiidae (Noctuoidea) Based on Larval and Adult Morphology. Lanham, MD Thomas Say Publications, Entomological Society of America. 

Reeves, P. A. and Olmstead, R. G. (2003). Evolution of the TCP gene family in Asteridae cladistic network approaches to understanding regulatory gene family diversification and its impact on morphological evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution, H, 1997-2009. 

Cladistic analyses suggest that vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor of chordates through a stepwise increase in complexity of the body plan. This process involved the appearance of a number of vertebrate innovations both at an anatomical and a molecular level (Shimeld and Holland, 2000). Morphologically... 

Macromolecules, especially sequences, have surpassed morphological and other organismal characters as the most popular form of data for phylogenetic or cladistic analysis. It is this molecular phylogenetic analysis that we will introduce here. 

Apart from the underlying principles, there are the questions of how the data are obtained and their limitations. With the phenetic method, characters used are those for which it is possible to make the necessary quantitative measurements. With the cladistic method, it is rarely possible to determine each branch point, especially where convergent evolution has occurred. The phenetic method produces a practical classification but lacks the deeper philosophical justification of the cladistic method. However, both methods often give similar results, but differences arise, as in the example in Fig. 1.2. Although the crocodile and lizard show greater morphological similarity to one another than to the bird, birds and crocodiles have more recent common ancestors than crocodiles and lizards. 

Mishler, B.D., Cladistic analysis of molecular and morphological data. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol, 94, 143-156, 1994. 

Andersen, N.M., Quantitative cladistics and the reconciliation of morphological and molecular systematics, in Phylogenetik und Molekiile, Schmitt, M., Ed., Edition Archaea, pp. 121-144. 

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