Cinchona chemical structures

There are a number of other synthetic substances analogous with or approximating to the cinchona alkaloid structure which it is more convenient to deal with in discussing the correlation of chemical structure with pharmacological action in this group (p. 469). 

A plethora of chemotherapeutic agents having divergent chemical structures have been introduced clinically since the mid-twenties, e.g., pamaquine (1926), quinacrine (1930). Although historical evidence of cinchona dates back to 1638 when it was used to treat Countess of Cinchona, wife of the... 

There is no uniform classification for the A. In the literature divisions according to origin (examples Aconitum, Amaryllidaceae, Aspidosperma, cactus, Catharanthus, Cephalotaxus, Cinchona, coca, Corydalis, curare, Dendrobates, ergot, Erythrina, Iboga, Lycopodium, Maytenus, opium, Rauvol-fia, Senecio, Strychnos, tobacco, Vinca alkaloids, salamander, Solanum, Veratrum steroid alkaloids) in addition to divisions according to chemical structure (examples aporphine, benzylisoquinoline, bis-benzylisoquinoline, berberine, carboline, diterpene, inudazole, indole, indolizidine, isoquinoline, lupinane, macrocyclic, morphine, peptide, / -phenyl-ethylamine, piperidine, purine, pyridine, pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, quinoline, quinolizidine, quinucli-dine, spermine, spermidine, steroid, terpene, tro-pane, tropolone alkaloids) are used. 

So far, cinchona chemistry has focused mainly on applications as chiral ligands and chiral organocatalysts. Chemical alterations in alkaloids have usually been a minor issue and also unfashionable in this context. In fact, the first 10 chapters of this handbook provide many impressive examples for these applications, but there is more to the chemistry of cinchona alkaloids than that. New reactions and new structures have come to light only recently in both fundamental and applied works. Landmark developments are... 

As more plants come under chemical scrutiny more alkaloids of hitherto unknown nuclear structure come to light. Furthermore, as the technique of isolation becomes more sophisticated well-known alkaloids are revealed in sources not hitherto suspected the isolation of Cinchona alkaloids from the leaves of the olive tree can serve as an example. The listing of plants and the alkaloids isolated therefrom is the subject of this chapter. They are mostly of structural types not treated in separate chapters and are given with brief descriptions of their properties and of their structures where known. This chapter is supplementary to Volume XIII, Chapter 9, p. 397. 

Phase-transfer catalysis is one of the most practical synthetic methodologies because of its operational simplicity and mild reaction conditions, which enable applications in industrial syntheses as a sustainable green chemical process. As reviewed in this chapter, diverse Cinchona alkaloid-derived quaternaiy ammonium salts have been developed via the modification of Cinchona alkaloids based on steric or electronic factors as highly efficient chiral PTC catalysts and successfully applied in various asymmetric organic reactions. Despite the successful development and application of these catalysts, some problems remain to be addressed. Although Cinchona alkaloids have unique structural features, resulting in the availability of four... 

---