Cilia assembly

Based on such dynamic deformation characteristics, noiseless swimming robotic structures as shown in Figure 13 and cilia assembly-type robotic worlds, similar to coral reefs, as shown in Figure 14, were constructed and tested for collective vibrational dynamics. Furthermore, wing flapping flying machines, schematically shown in Figure 15, can be equipped with these muscles. 

Figure 3. Model for centrin-G-protein complex assembly in die connecting cilium of photoreceptor cell. Schematic representations of a part of the inner lumen of the photoreceptor connecting cilium. Centrins ( centrin isoforms 1 and 2) (Cen) are physically linked to the inner surface of the microtubule of the connecting cilium(CC). (A) Scenario at high free Ca " concentrations in CC Cen are specifically dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase PP2Cf. Ca "-binding to Cen induces Cen oligomerization and increases affinity of the Gtf -subunit of the visual heterotrimeric G-protein transducin (Gta-GtPy). This may result in trapping G-protein molecules in the connecting cilium and G-protein diffiision is inhibited (Barrier hypothesis, Wolfrum et al. 2002). (B) Scenario at low free Ca " concentrations in CC Cen are specifically phosphorylated by protein kinase CK2. Cen-P decreases affinity of G-protein to Cen. Arrow indicates that free difihision of G-protein is possible, (for references, please see text)...

It is clear that there is enormous complexity within each ctenophore plate it would be a herculean task to reproduce the molecular motor of each cilium and to assemble literally millions of these mechanisms into a ctenophore-like swimming device. It is possible, however, to distill and mimic key features of the actuator and control system ... 

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