Chromatography flow diagram

Figure 7.8 Flow diagram for the separation of uranium from thorium by ion exchange chromatography.

Separation of TPE and REE - Fig. 2 presents the flow-diagram of extraction chromatography. The column was filled by stationary phase which was made up of HDEHP and red-kieselguhr with a mesh size of 120-140 mesh. The column was 50 cm high and the diameter was 2.5 cm. All operations were carried out at 28°C and the flow rates were controlled at below 2 mL/min/cm2. 

FIGURE 2-25. Liquid chromatography separation flow diagram for aminolysis products of dicyanoheptamethylcobyrinate (cobester). 

Fig. 9.2.1. Flow diagram of essential equipment requirements for high performance liquid chromatography...

Additional peaks and improved resolution of peaks were obtained after cleanup and column chromatography separations. The method of analysis is described by the flow diagram shown in Figure 3. An aliquot of the air-dried dust was slurried with water, adjusted to pH 3 with sulfuric acid, and then repeatedly extracted in a Waring blendor with a solvent mixture of hexane and diethyl ether, 1 + 1 (v./v.). A portion of the extract was used for herbicide analysis in which methylation with diazomethane and gas chromatography were employed for the detection of the methyl ester of the chloro-alkyl phenoxy compounds. 

The flow diagram in Figure 10.4 is intended as a guide and is the way the author would normally approach a new HPLC analysis. Reversed-phase chromatography is assumed and this will mean evaporation of solvent and dissolution in mobile phase if using the hquid-liquid extraction path. No mention has been made of direct aqueous injection as the times that this technique can be employed in environmental analysis are few indeed. It can be seen that the author s choice of detector is fluorescence then electrochemical then UV. 

Figure 2. Flow diagram of inverse gas chromatography experiment.

Figure 3.12 Flow-diagram of fractionation polyphenols in red wine. PA, proan-thocyanidins (Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography A 1128, Sun et al., Fractionation of red wine polyphenols by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography, p. 29, Copyright 2006, with permission from Elsevier)...

Figure 6-11 Flow diagram of a GC inlet system for split injection.The head pressure and total flow are adjusted to achieve a desired flow rate in the column and a fractional spilt between the column and the spilt vent. GC, Gas chromatography.

Fig. 3a. Flow diagram for the separation of the components of a complex mixture of oligosaccharides by serial lectin affinity chromatography. Depending upon the lectin adsorbant, specific oligosaccharides are either unbound (not retarded by the adsorbant), retarded (and eluted without the need of a saccharide inhibitor), or are tightly bound and then require either lOmM methyl a-D-glucopyranoside or lOOmM methyl a-D-mannopyranoside for elution. Where appropriate, each eluted peak is concentrated and the saccharide inhibitor is removed prior to application to the second affinity column. The structures of the individual oligosaccharides are shown in Fig. 3b. (Adapted from ref 288.)...

Sample preparation by reverse-phase chromatography can be performed using a Ci8 SPE cartridge 30 mL of dealcoholized wine are loaded onto the cartridge, after rinsing with 40 mL of water PAs are recovered with lOmL of acetone/water/acetic acid 70 29.5 0.5 (v/v/v) (Lazarus et al., 1999). A method for fractionation of polyphenols in wine by reverse-phase chromatography is reported in the flow diagram in Fig. 6.20 (Sun et al., 2006). 

Isolation of oligomeric pigments from the wine and fractionation of extract can be performed by cation-exchange chromatography in the presence of a bisulfite buffer. The procedure is described in the flow diagram in Fig. 6.25. 

Urine. Urine samples collected from cows 821 and 59 in the 0-12 hour period after the administration of a 30 mg dose (injection 2) were utilized in the isolation and identification of metabolites. The isolation procedure involved ethyl acetate extraction of urine followed by solid phase extraction of the ethyl acetate extract on C-18 Bond Elut cartridges. The extract was derivatized into methyl esters with diazomethane and subjected to silica and alumina chromatography for further cleanup prior to analysis. The detailed procedure is described in flow diagram 1. 

Figure 10. Information Flow Diagram for a Production-Type Gel Chromatography System.

Figure 2.2-10 Flow diagram of apparatus for supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).

Fig. 1 Flow diagram of an HPLC system with postcolumn iodine-azide reaction detection. A, Ion and ion-pair chromatography, and B, reversed-phase chromatography 1, mobile phase 2, pump 3, injection valve 4, HPLC column 5, mixing tee 6, sodium azide solution 7, iodine solution 8, reaction tube 9, thermostat 10, LC spectrophotometer 11, recorder or computer as a recorder 12, acetonitrile 13, postcolumn reaction module 14, temperature control system 15, bus Sat/In module 16, water.

FIGURE 1.5 Flow diagram of the isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectometry in the selected ion monitoring (ID-GC-MS-SIM) method for the determination of the isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens in food. (From Mazur, W.M., Wahala, K., Ojala, S., Makkonen, A., Flase, T., and Adlercreutz, H., Br. J. Nutr., 79, 37-45, 1998.)... 

Fig. 7.2. Flow diagram of standard laboratory instrumentation used for chromatography with electrochemical or spectrophotometric detection of metal dithiocarbamate complexes. 1 = chromatographic solvent, 2 = solvent delivery system, 3 = it jec-tion system, 4 = guard column, 5 = separator column, 6 = suppressor column, 7 = spectrophotometric detector, 8 = electrochemical detector, 9 = readout device, 10 = microprocessor. Reproduced by courtesy. J. Liquid Chromatog. 6 (1983) 1799.

Bearing in mind the general requirements, the next stage in designing a system is to produce a functional or block flow diagram of the process. This will usually also take into account not only the chromatography step but also the upstream and downstream requirements of the process. This identifies the number and volumes of solvents, sample, and fractions, together with column size. 

Fig. 3. Diagrams of electrochemical cells used in flow systems for thin film deposition by EC-ALE. A) First small thin layer flow cell (modeled after electrochemical liquid chromatography detectors). A gasket defined the area where the deposition was performed, and solutions were pumped in and out though the top plate. Reproduced by permission from ref. [ 110]. B) H-cell design where the samples were suspended in the solutions, and solutions were filled and drained from below. Reproduced by permission from ref. [111]. C) Larger thin layer flow cell. This is very similar to that shown in 3A, except that the deposition area is larger and laminar flow is easier to develop because of the solution inlet and outlet designs. In addition, the opposite wall of the cell is a piece of ITO, used as the auxiliary electrode. It is transparent so the deposit can be monitored visually, and it provides an excellent current distribution. The reference electrode is incorporated right in the cell, as well. Adapted from ref. [113],...

Figure 7.4 Schematic diagram of a gas chromatography (GC) system. The carrier gas enters from the left, and the sample is injected into the gas flow and is carried through the capillary column inside a temperature-controlled oven where the components are separated. Detection here is by flame ionization, where the eluent increases the conductivity of the flame.

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