Kidney damage chloroform

Administration of chloroform to laboratory animals resulted in the depletion of renal GSH, indicating that GSH reacts with reactive intermediates, thus reducing the kidney damage otherwise caused by the reaction of these intermediates with tissue MMBs (Hook and Smith 1985 Smith and Hook 1983, 1984 Smith et al. 1984). Similarly, chloroform treatment resulted in the depletion of hepatic GSH and alkylation of MMBs (Docks and Krishna 1976). Other studies demonstrated that sulfhydryl compounds such as L-cysteine (Bailie et al. 1984) and reduced GSH (Kluwe and Hook 1981) may provide protection against nephrotoxicity induced by chloroform. The sulfhydryl compound N-acetylcysteine is an effective antidote for poisoning by acetaminophen, which, like chloroform, depletes GSH and produces toxicity by reactive intermediates. 

Liver or kidney damage Toluene, and carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,2-2-tetrachloroethane, chloroform... 

Chloroform causes kidney damage (proximal tubular necrosis) and liver damage (hepatic necrosis). The mechanism is believed to involve metabolic activation of the chloroform in the kidney to produce phosgene, which is probably responsible for the toxicity. Both liver and kidney damage may be modulated by treating animals with enzyme inducers and therefore it seems likely that the liver damage is also mediated by a reactive metabolite. 

CAUTION This step should be carried out in a fume hood to avoid inhalation of the vapors. Chloroform is a known carcinogen. It is toxic by inhalation and has anesthetic properties. Contact with skin should be avoided. Prolonged inhalation or ingestion can lead to liver and kidney damage and may be fatal. 

Chloroform 61 Yes liver and kidney damage cancer (less toxic than CCl )... 

Both carbon tetrachloride (CCl ) and chloroform (CHC13) may cause liver and kidney damage, as well as cancer and birth defects. Even though many laboratories have discontinued the use of CC14 and CHClj, three-fourths of the lab manuals examined here still use one or the other of these chemicals, and five of them use both. In those experiments that avoid the use of CCl or CHC13 methylene chloride (CHgClg) is commonly used instead. 

Male and female animals of the same strain and species usually react to toxicants similarly. It must be borne in mind, however, that there are marked differences in the hormonal makeup between sexes, and this can result in notable differences in responses. Chloroform produces damage to liver and kidney in humans and mice. In mice, however, chloroform produces nephrotoxicity only in males. Furthermore, administration of testosterone (male hormone) to the female mouse followed by chloroform results in kidney damage. Clearly, there are androgen (male) receptors in the kidney that sensitize males to chloroform-induced nephrotoxicity. In rats, exposure to the hydrocarbon decalin results in a renal nephropathy and tumor formation in the male but not female, and this is associated with an ot2-globulin protein accumulation. Treatment of females with testosterone followed by decalin also produces renal toxicity and protein accumulation. These examples demonstrate that kidney function differs between the sexes and, consequently, toxic manifestations will vary between males and females. 

Chloroform produces liver and kidney damage and central nervous system depression. Carcinogenic properties are suspected but not confirmed. 

Chloroform is an anesthetic and solvent, which may be nephrotoxic and hepato toxic. It requires metabolic activation by cytochrome P-450, and male mice are more susceptible to the nephrotoxicity than females, which are more likely to suffer hepatic damage. The renal damage, proximal tubular necrosis, is accompanied by fatty infiltration. The metabolic activation, which may take place in the kidney, produces phosgene, which is reactive and can bind to critical proteins. 

Chemicals which can damage (a) the liver include carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, bromobenzene, isoniazid, vinyl chloride, ethionine, galactosamine, halothane, dimethyl-nitrosamine (b) the kidney include hexachlorobutadiene, cadmium and mercuric salts, chloroform, ethylene glycol, aminoglycosides, phenacetin (c) the lung include paraquat, ipomeanol, asbestos, monocrotaline, sulfur dioxide, ozone, naphthalene (d) the nervous system include MPTP, hexane, organophosphoms compounds, 6-hydroxydopamine, isoniazid (e) the testes include cadmium, cyclophosphamide, phthalates, ethanemethane sulfonate, 1,3-dinitrobenzene (f) the heart include allylamine, adriamycin, cobalt, hydralazine, carbon disulfide (g) the blood include nitrobenzene, aniline, phenyl-hydrazine, dapsone. 

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