2- chlorobenzylidene malononitrile toxicity

BallantyneB, Swanston DW The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroace-tophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Arch Toxicol 40 75-95, 1978... 

Wild D, Eckhardt K, Harnasch D, et al Geno-toxicity study of CS (ottZ o-chlorobenzylidene-malononitrile) in Salmonella, Drosophila and mice. Arch Toxicol 54 167-170, 1983... 

Marts TC, Colgrave HF, Cross NL, et al A repeated dose study of the toxicity of inhaled 2 -chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) aerosol in three species of laboratory animal. Arch Toxicol 52 183-198, 1983... 

Comparative Acute Mananalian Toxicity of 10-Chioro-5, lQ-dihydrophenarsa ine (DM7, Chloroacetophenone (CN), 2-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS), and Oiben (b,f](1,4Joxazepine (CR) ... 

Two chemists, Carson and Stoughton (1928), synthesized 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) however, it was not adopted by the military as an official RCA until 1959. As a more chemically stable compound and having a greater potency with less toxicity than CN, it gradually replaced CN as the preferred RCA. CS was widely used during the Vietnam War to flush the Viet Cong out of the... 

Paradowski, M. (1979). Metabolism of toxic doses of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) in rabbits. Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. 31 563-8. 

CS reacts covalently with plasma proteins to form compounds that may be antigenic. On contact with water, it hydrolyses into o-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrile. The kidney excretes o-chlorobenzal-dehyde as the metabolites o-chlorohippuric acid (major) and o-chlorobenzoic acid (minor). The malononitrile is metabolized to thiocyanate. The cyano groups of 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile are unlikely to cause systemic cyanide toxicity since no significant amounts of free cyanide appear in the plasma. 

COT, Statement on combined exposure to 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and PAVA (Nonivamide) sprays, COT/OO/Od, dated January 2006, Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment, UK Department of Health, London, 2006. 

Ballantyne, B., Salem, H., 200. Cyanides toxicology, clinical presentation, and medical management. In Romano, J.R., Lukey, B.J., Salem, H. (Eds.), Chemical Warfare Agents Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, second ed. CRC Press. Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 313-342. Ballantyne, B., Swanston, D.W., 197. The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloracetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Arch. Toxicol. 40, 75-95. 

---