Chlorine bond synthesis

The characterization of reaction mechanisms and intermediates of complex chemical reactions forms a central topic in electrochemistry [113-118]. The electrochemical reductive cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds is an important process in electro-organic synthesis, waste stream treatment and electron-transfer mechanisms. Benzyl chloride (PhCH2Cl) reduction in organic solvents has been widely investigated following debate as to whether the carbon-chlorine bond would be reductively cleaved via a concerted or a nonconcerted reaction pathway. Recent studies have shown that Pd, Cu - and especially Ag - cathodes... 

Sladek MI, Braun T, Neumann B, Stammler H-G (2002) Aromatic C-F activation at Ni in the presence of a carbon-chlorine bond the nickel mediated synthesis of new pyrimidines. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 3 297-299... 

Gross-Linking. A variety of PE resins, after their synthesis, can be modified by cross-linking with peroxides, hydrolysis of silane-grafted polymers, ionic bonding of chain carboxyl groups (ionomers), chlorination, graft copolymerization, hydrolysis of vinyl acetate copolymers, and other reactions. 

All other methods for obtaining bacteriochlorins are by partial synthesis from porphyrins, chlorins or chlorin derivatives. The bacteriochlorin is thereby produced by reactions which occur at the peripheral /J-C — C double bonds of the higher unsaturated systems. The main problem of these syntheses is the lack of regio- and stereoselectivity because three or four C —C double bonds, which are present in the starting products may be attacked, so that rcgio-and stcreoisomcric products can be formed. 

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