Chloride biological variability

Fig. 5 Main contamination sources identified by PCA for sediments, fish, and suface water in the Ebro River basin, and explained variances for each principal component. Variable identification. Organic compounds in sediments 1, summatory of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) 2, summa-tory of DDTs (DDTs) 3, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 4, hexachlorobutadiene (HCBu) 5, summatory of trichlorobenzenes (TCBs) 6, naphthalene 7, fluoranthene 8, benzo(a)pyrene 9, benzo(b) fluoranthene 10, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 11, benzo(k)fluoranthene 12, indene(l,2,3-cd)pyrene. Organic compounds in fish 1, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 2, summatory of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) 3, o,p-DDD 4, o,p-DDE 5, o,p-DDT 6, p,p-DDD 7, />,/>DDE 8, />,/>DDT 9, summatory of DDTs (DDTs) 10, summatory of trichlorobenzenes (TCBs) 11, hexachlorobutadiene (HCBu) 12, fish length. Physico-chemical parameters in water 1, alkalinity 2, chlorides 3, cyanides 4, total coliforms 5, conductivity at 20°C 6, biological oxygen demand 7, chemical oxygen demand 8, fluorides 9, suspended matter 10, total ammonium 11, nitrates 12, dissolved oxygen 13, phosphates 14, sulfates 15, water temperature 16, air temperature...

The extractable nickel content of soil affects the uptake of nickel by plant roots. Extracta-bility of nickel from soil is influenced by physical factors (e.g., texture, temperature, and water content), chemical factors (e.g., pH, organic constituents, redox potential), and biological factors (e.g., plant species variability, microbial activity) (NAS 1975, Wallace et al. 1977, Heale and Ormond 1982, Hazlett et al. 1983). Extractable nickel concentrations in soils, measured by treating soil samples with solutions of potassium chloride, ammonium acetate, acetic acid, or EDTA, usually range from <0.01 to... 

It should be mentioned that in a warm, dry climate the chlorides improve the sulphate attack [280], Presumably, it is the reason, apart from the known effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reactions (Arrhenius mle), that in a warm climate the concrete corrosion occurs more rapidly than for example in the North Sea. The examples of disastrous quick concrete corrosion in the warm seas in the Middle East are known, as well as the excellent durability of drilling platforms situated on the North Sea [278]. The conditions governing in different geographic zones temperature, erosion, biological environment, are highly variable and therefore the mechanisms of concrete deterioration are greatly modified [61]. 

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