Chemical species distributions

For a system containing N chemical species distributed at equihbrium among 7C phases, the phase-rule variables are temperature and pressure, presumed uniform throughout the system, and N — mole fraciions in each phase. The number of these variables is 2 -t- (V — 1)7T. The masses of the phases are not phase-rule variables, because they have nothing to do with the intensive state of the system. 

K-Values A measure of how a given chemical species distributes itself between hquid and vapor phases is the equilibrium ratio ... 

With the central limit theorem, we have expanded from dealing with individual concentration determinations to concentration means. Each chemical species distribution can be transformed to a standard distribution by... 

When a solution containing a particular chemical species is displaced from a porous medium with the same solution but without the particular chemical species, this miscible displacement produces a chemical species distribution that is dependent on (1) microscope velocities, (2) chemical species diffusion rates, (3) physicochemical reactions of the chemical species with the porous medium, (e.g., soil), and (4) volume of water not readily displaced at saturation (this not-readily displaced water increases as desaturation increases (Nielsen and Biggar, 1961). 

A graphical representation of the equilibria involved in this type of systems is a plot of the distribution of the species containing M vs pL. This is called a chemical species distribution diagram it can be calculated by defining the equations of the distribution... 

These functions are monotonic (i.e., increasing or decreasing in a continuous fashion) with respect to [L] (or to pL) for the first and last species in the equilibria involved they show a maximum for the intermediate species (called ampholytes). The resulting chemical species distribution diagrams can easily be constructed by introducing these equations in a spreadsheet (e.g., Excel). See Examples 2.5 and 2.6. T/pical examples can be found in the educational literature, and several programs are available for these calculations (see, for example, Kim, 2003). 

Example 2.6 Calculate and draw the chemical-species distribution diagram for the Cu(II)-NH3 system, using the following log values of the global constants for the four sequential equilibria involved 4.10, 7.60, 10.50, and 12.50. Here, pL = pNH3, and M = Cu2+. 

For a system containing N chemical species distributed at equilibrium among K phases, the phase rule variables are T and P, presumed uniform throughout the system, and N—1 mole fractions in each... 

MASS AND CHEMICAL SPECIES DISTRIBUTION THE CASCADE IMPACTOR... 

Mass anti Chemical Species Distribution The Cascade Impaclor 171... 

Fate of Chemical Species Distribution among Compartments and Degradation Rate within Each Compartment (Mackay and Paterson, 1991)... 

Number of interactions to change a state. Consider a system containing C chemical species distributed among (P phases. The system can interact with its surroundings through the thermal interaction, a PV work mode, and a mass transfer interaction for each component. For such a situation we found in (9.1.1) that the number of interactions available for changing the state is given by... 

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