Chemical reactivity dopant effect

Instead of applying synthetic methods to alter chromophore reactivity, this new way of controlling chemical reactivity involves choosing an appropriate solid micellar system (from the available multitude) and exploiting it to manipulate the chemistry of the entrapped compound. The sol-gel matrix and the micellar solubilization, in fact, have a synergetic effect. Their combination produces effects stronger and more tuneable than in solution, so that a careful selection of sol-gel entrapped surfactants allows one to induce enormous changes in the dopant properties. 

Using flexible supportive matrices and doping agents has been reported to overcome these two obstacles [15, 16]. The strategy of using dopants to reduce vulnera-bihty to electrophilic addition reactions concerns not only improvement of the electrical properties but also aims at decreasing the chemical reactivity of ECPs in general. The aromatic units would still be exposed to electrophihc aromatic substitution, but that has no critical effect on conductivity. 

Impurity atoms (Sect. 2.3.7). The presence of substitutional atoms can lead to modified chemical centers on the surface. The replacement of Mg ions by Ni ions, as in MgO-NiO solid solutions, introduces TM atoms in a MgO matrix and can alter the local properties of the material. Even more effective is the replacement of a divalent Mg + cation by a monovalent dopant, like Li. In order to compensate the charge, an anion at the surface becomes O, a highly reactive paramagnetic species. 

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