Chemical formula, Appendices

D.19 You come across some old bottles in a storeroom that are labeled (a) cobaltic oxide monohvdrate, (b) cobaltous hydroxide. Using Appendix 3C as a guide, write their modern names and chemical formulas. 

Appendix A lists molecular and fragment formulas in order of the unit masses. Under each unit mass, the formulas are listed in the familiar Chemical Abstract system. The formula mass (FM) to four decimal places is given for each formula. Appendix A is designed for browsing, on the assumption that the student has a unit... 

In whatever molecule it occurs the group will behave in approximately the same way. The classification of chemical substances is based on the functional groups that they contain. Examples of such groups are double bonds, the aldehydes, alcohols, and esters. A list of the more important of these, together with their nomenclature and chemical formulas, is given in Appendix A. 

Appendix C contains the chemical formulae for the minerals used in this book. There are very few minerals that have the ideal crystalline structures discussed above. There are sufficient substitutional impurities, crystal defects, and distortions that make the CBPC structure significantly different from the models discussed above. Several well-established minerals exhibit these features, as are many of those listed in Appendix C. For example, Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2T0H2O is formed by the substitution of Ca in autunite by uranyl (UO2) ions, making the autunite a mineral of radioactive uranium. Similarly, (Ce,Th)P04 is formed by the substitution of the Ce in monazite by Th. Numerous minerals can be formed by substitutions and provide a researcher sufficient degree of freedom to synthesize very complex minerals to produce useful CBPCs. 

MoiWt.xis is a Function procedure that returns the formula weight from text that can be interpreted as a chemical formula. Only a part of the procedure is reproduced in Chapter 17. This Function procedure illustrates the use of the Optionai keyword. See "Instructions for Using MolWt" at the end of this appendix. 

Other synthesis reactions include hydrothermal techniques, hydrolysis of other calcium phosphates (Monma and Kayima 1987) and sol-gel methods (Masuda et al. 1990). Hydrothermal synthesis is the second most common method and, in comparison to the wet chemical method, is able to produce well-crystallized, compositionally homogeneous apatite (Yoshimura and Suda 1994). In this process, a mixture of calcium carbonate and di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate is subjected to 12,000 psi and heated to 275°C (Roy and Linnehan 1974). A high crystallinity, carbonate substituted HAp is produced by this method. Calcium phosphates that have been hydrolysed to HAp include octacalcium phosphate (Graham and Brown 1996), tricalcium phosphate (Nakahira et al. 1999), and brushite (Monma and Kayima 1987, Fulmer and Brown 1998, Manjubala et al. 2001). The chemical formulas of these and other inorganic compounds are provided in Appendix 1. 

Note that each column of A represents the chemical formula for one of the species. The rank of A is 2 (see Appendix B) therefore, the number of independent reactions is... 

Here A is an (m x C) formula matrix, N is a (C x 1) vector of mole numbers, and b is an (mg x 1) vector of constant elemental abundances. (Basics of linear algebra are reviewed in Appendix B.) The matrix A is known from the chemical formulae of the species present, and the abundances b are known from the amounts initially loaded into the reactor. But the mole numbers N are unknown. Moreover, the sets N that satisfy the balances (7.4.2) are not unique many different combinations of amounts of the given species (N) can produce the same elemental balances (b). This means that the formula matrix A is singular. 

Appendix Chemical Formula Index (C3F60)xC2Fs... 

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