Chemical engineering process containment

Filtration of viscose is not a straightforward chemical engineering process. The solution of cellulose xanthate contains some easy-to-deal-with undissolved pulp fibers, but also some gel-like material which is retarded rather than removed by the filters. The viscose is unstable and tends to form more gel as it ages. Its flow characteristics make the material close to the walls of any vessel or pipe move more slowly, get older, and gel more than the mainstream viscose. So while filtration can hold back gels arising from incomplete mixing, new gels can form in the pipework after the filters. 

Containing carefully selected reprints from Wiley s renowned Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, this reference features the same breadth and quality of coverage and clarity of presentation found in the original. This reh-able reference will be of particular interest to polymers and materials scientists, chemists, chemical engineers, process engineers, students, researchers and educators in related fields and consultants and suppliers in the plastic and related industries. 

In designing the process and equipment, use chemical engineering principles to minimize the accumulation of energy or materials and to contain the energy and materials ... 

The solid-liquid two-phase flow is widely applied in modern industry, such as chemical-mechanical polish (CMP), chemical engineering, medical engineering, bioengineering, and so on [80,81]. Many research works have been made focusing on the heat transfer or transportation of particles in the micro scale [82-88], In many applications, e.g., in CMP process of computer chips and computer hard disk, the size of solid particles in the two-phase flow becomes down to tens of nanometres from the micrometer scale, and a study on two-phase flow containing nano-particles is a new area apart from the classic hydrodynamics and traditional two-phase flow research. In such an area, the forces between particles and liquid are in micro or even to nano-Newton scale, which is far away from that in the traditional solid-liquid two-phase flow. 

The selection of materials of construction for the equipment and facilities to produce any and all chemicals is a Keystone subject of chemical engineering. The chemical products desired cannot be manufactured without considering the selection of the optimum materials of construction used as the containers for the safe, economical manufacture, and required product quahty, i.e., production, handling, transporting, and storage of the products desired. Therefore, within this Section, the selection of materials of construction [for use within the chemical process industries (CPI), and hy their consumers] is guided by the general subjects addressed herein. 

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