Charge transport bulk material

In order for a material to act as a useful bulk charge-transport medium, one molecule (be it a polymer or a small molecule in a crystal) must be able to transfer... 

Solid-state electrochemistry — is traditionally seen as that branch of electrochemistry which concerns (a) the -> charge transport processes in -> solid electrolytes, and (b) the electrode processes in - insertion electrodes (see also -> insertion electrochemistry). More recently, also any other electrochemical reactions of solid compounds and materials are considered as part of solid state electrochemistry. Solid-state electrochemical systems are of great importance in many fields of science and technology including -> batteries, - fuel cells, - electrocatalysis, -> photoelectrochemistry, - sensors, and - corrosion. There are many different experimental approaches and types of applicable compounds. In general, solid-state electrochemical studies can be performed on thin solid films (- surface-modified electrodes), microparticles (-> voltammetry of immobilized microparticles), and even with millimeter-size bulk materials immobilized on electrode surfaces or investigated with use of ultramicroelectrodes. The actual measurements can be performed with liquid or solid electrolytes. 

The origin of electronic type of interactions between dispersed metal particles and the support material has been viewed in two distinctly different ways (1) as the result of collective interactions between the metal particle and the support, defined primarily by the bulk electronic structure of the two phases, and resulting in short-range or long-range charge transport to or from the metal nanoparticles (2) as the result of the interaction of the metal clusters with local sites of the support, possessing specific properties, such as acidity or basicity. 

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