Charge neutralization languages

These principles are phrased in the language of the ionic model, but they provide a simpler and more explicit description of stable structures than that given by the ionic model s energy minimization principle. Among the important ideas captured by Pauling s rules are those of local charge neutrality, the definition of electrostatic bond strength, and the rule of parsimony which is closely... 

Summarizing, the far and near field differ in three respects. First they do so in range. Common double layer fields extend over distances of order x" in the absence of an external field such fields are radial for a spherical double layer, as shown In fig. 3.86,bl. On the other hand, the range of the far fields is of the order of the particle radius a, which for the case considered, means that they extend far beyond the double layer. In the second place they differ In magnitude, as already stated. Thirdly, the difference is that in the near field there exist local excess charges, whereas in the far field each volume element is electro-neutral. In mathematical language, p [r,0) = 0, where r and 6 are defined in fig. 3.87. Consequently, the Laplacian of the potential is also zero in the far field. 

The language in this section was introduced by physicists. In chemical terms, neutral solitons in PA are radicals, charged solitons are ions, either cations or anions, polarons are radical ions and bipolarons are di-ions. ... 

That transfer neutralizes the ion s charge and generates a Cu atom that attaches to the electrode. In the language of redox reactions (Reaction 5), the Cu Mons are reduced to Cu atoms by the incoming stream of electrons. As electrolysis continues, we see that more and more copper atoms are generated in this way aU over the electrode, which grows as pure copper is deposited. 

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