Charges, drawing

Clays have plate-like molecules with charges on their surfaces (Chapter 16). The charges draw water into the clay as a thin lubricating layer between the plates. With the right moisture content, clays are plastie they can be moulded, extruded, turned or carved. But when they are dried, they have sufficient strength to be handled and stacked in kilns for firing. 

At which point in the initial addition is there the greatest separation of charge Draw Lewis structures for C4H9 and Cl that show all nonbonding electrons and formal charges. 

Obtain the energies of the different possible carbanions alleyne-H+). Which one is most stable Does it correspond to removal of the most electron-poor proton Examine the geometry and atomic charges of the favored carbanion. Where is the negative charge Draw the Lewis structure of this ion. Predict the structure of the Sn2 product. 

Draw the most important Lewis structure for each of the following molecules. Show all lone pairs and formal charges. Draw all equivalent resonance forms, (a) HONCO (b) H2CSO (c) H2CNN (d) ONCN. 

PROBLEMS For each of the structures below determine if the oxygen or nitrogen atom has a formal charge. If there is a charge, draw the charge. 

As effective nuclear charge (Zeff) on the central atom increases, acid strength is likewise increased. Thus, a larger nuclear charge draws the electrons closer to the nucleus and binds them more tightly. 

Covalent radii typically decrease from left to right across a period. The reason is the same as for atomic radii (Section 1.15) the increasing effective nuclear charge draws in the electrons and makes the atom more compact. Like atomic radii, covalent radii increase down a group because, in successive periods, the valence electrons occupy shells that are more distant from the nucleus and are better shielded by the inner core of electrons. Such fatter atoms cannot approach their neighbors very closely hence they form long, weak bonds. 

Assuming that one can represent the structure of a metal as a lattice of metal ions permeated by a sea of electrons, then metals like lanthanum can be shown as (Ln +) (0 )3 however, metals based upon divalent ions (like Eu and Yb) would be (Ln +) (e )2. The ions with the (+3) charge have a smaller radius, as the higher charge draws in the electrons more closely, and the stronger attraction means that it takes more energy to boil them (similarly, they would be predicted to have higher conductivities). 

If the carbon/oxygen double bond breaks heterolytically, placing the negative charge upon the oxygen, then the carboxylate carbon will be left with a positive charge. Draw the mechanism for this initial step. 

Three aspects are common to all shaft kiln designs, namely charging, drawing of the ore, and combustion. A shaft kiln is essentially a vertical refractory lined cylinder or ellipse. The ore is charged in at the top of the furnace, along with, in some cases, a solid fuel such as coke or anthracite coal. Other fuels such as natural gas and oil can also be employed. There are a number of different variants of shaft kilns, such as the mixed feed, traditional type and modern basic design, annular, parallel-flow regenerative, double inclined, and multichamber. 

Before describing specific designs of shaft kilns, it is appropriate to consider three important features which are common to all designs, namely charging, drawing and combustion. 

ELECTRO DIALYSIS - This is a membrane process where an applied electric charge draws impurity ions through permeable membranes to create high purity feed water streams or low purity waste streams. 

Charge/draw input, cover open 1 hr with estimated gross loss = 7.7 kk Btu. 

Cutback fuel input, main burners = 0.3 hr X 20.6 kk Btu/hr = 6.2 kk Btu. Charge/draw input, cover open 1 hr with estimated gross loss of 7.7 kk Btu. 

Draw three resonance structures for the molecule N2O3 (atomic arrangement is ONNO2)- Show formal charges. Draw three reasonable resonance structures for the OCN ion. Show formal charges. 

In future chapters, we will encounter carbanions— ions in which a carbon atom has three bonds and a lone pair of electrons and bears a negative charge. Draw another contributing structure for the aUyl anion. Now using cartoon representations, draw the three orbitals that represent the delocalized 77 system (look at Figure 1.26 for a hint). Which of the three orbitals are populated with electrons ... 

Each molecule in this problem can be drawn as a hybrid of five contributing structures two Kekule structures and three that involve creation and separation of unlike charges. Draw these five contributing structures for each molecule. 

When the following compound is treated with excess methyl iodide, a quaternary ammonium salt is obtained that bears only one positive charge. Draw the structure of the quaternary ammonium salt. 

The azide ion, N3T is a symmetrical ion, all of whose contributing resonance structures have formal charges. Draw three important contributing structures for this ion. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an example of an overall neutral molecule (net charge = 0) that has non-zero formal charges. Draw a Lewis structure of carbon monoxide (CO). 

---