Charge density, of ion

For z+= lz l = 1, the value of the right hand side is constant when a+ and a are independent of the media with different viscosity coefficients. Accordingly, Walden s rule is based on Stokes-Einstein relation, and is not applicable to the ILs, in which Stokes-Einstein relation is invalid due to strong electrostatic interaction. Although the relation similar to Stokes-Einstein relation for ILs has not been devised yet, the apparent Stokes radius tends to increase with an increase in electrostatic interaction. Thus, A rj is expected to decrease with an increase in the charge densities of ions of ILs. 

Describe how the charge density of ions varies with ionic radius and ionic charge. 

Because of their lower charge densities, monovalent ions are exchanged less efficiently, so chloride and sodium ions in particular tend to slip through the resin beds. Where twin-bed DI is employed,... 

The charge density of specifically adsorbed ions (assuming that anions are adsorbed specifically while cations are present only in the diffuse layer) for a valence-symmetrical electrolyte (z+ = — z = z) is... 

For unsubstituted PAH, such as benzo[a]pyrene (BP), pyridinium or acetoxy derivatives are formed by direct attack of pyridine or acetate ion, respectively, on the radical cation at C-6, the position of maximum charge density (Scheme 1). This is followed by a second one-electron oxidation of the resulting radical and loss of a proton to yield the 6-substituted derivative. For methyl-substituted PAH in which the maximum charge density of the radical cation adjacent to the methyl group is appreciable, as in 6-methylbenzo[a]-pyrene (6-methylBP) (Scheme 2), loss of a methyl proton yields a benzylic radical. This reactive species is rapidly oxidized by iodine or MnJ to a benzylic carbonium ion with subsequent trapping by pyridine or acetate ion, respectively. 

Here z is the ion valency, nQ is the number density of added electrolyte and q is the surface charge density of the particles. Figure 3.21 clearly illustrates the sensitivity at the lower added electrolyte concentrations where the diffuse layer Debye length is equivalent to that which would be estimated for an added electrolyte concentration two orders of magnitude higher, at a volume fraction of 0.5. Clearly higher concentrations of added electrolyte are not as sensitive but the variation is still significant. 

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