Charge accumulation 5 pulses

The typical decay hme for the relaxahon of nonporated vesicles, t, is of the order of 100 ps. It is set by the relaxahon of the membrane tension achieved at the end of the pulse. The membrane tension, acquired during the pulse, also referred to as electric tension, arises from the transmembrane potenhal, ( , built across the membrane during the pulse. Lipid membranes are impermeable to ions and, in the presence of an electric field, charges accumulate on both sides of the bilayer, which gives rise to this transmembrane potential [91] ... 

Neural Stimulation Electrodes and Sensors, Fig. 3 Evoked muscle force as a function of the delay between the primary, cathodic, and secondary, anodic, pulses of a biphasic stimulus. The dashed line represents the force recorded for a single cathodic stimulus pulse. The anodic phase is added to terminate the electrochemistry driven by charge accumulated on the double layer during the cathodic phase. If the anodic phase is applied... 

Gelinck GH, Warman JM (1996) Charge carrier dynamics in pulse-irradiated polyphenyle-nevinylenes effects of broken conjugation, temperature, and accumulated dose. J Phys Chem 100 20035... 

Fig. 6 Schematic of a FTICR MS instrument. This type of MS consists of an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) analyzer cell that is situated in the homogeneous region of a large magnet. The ions introduced into the ICR analyzer are constrained (trapped) by the magnetic field to move in circular orbits with a specific frequency that corresponds to a specific mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Mass analysis occurs when radiofrequency (rf) potential is applied (pulsed) to the ICR analyzer so that all ions are accelerated to a larger orbit radius. After the pulse is turned off, the transient image current is acquired and a Fourier transform separates the individual cyclotron frequencies. Repeating this pulsing process to accumulate several transients is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. (Courtesy of Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA.)...

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