Chain end terminology

Other experimental data seem to provide support for an implicit penultimate model. Thus, simple (monomeric) model radicals for the propagating radical chain 

There is a strong dependence on the particular initiating species. The data in Tabic 7.4 were provided in Fischer and Radom s review.  

It is known that the penultimate unit influences the conformation of both model radicals and propagating radicals. Since addition requires a particular geometric arrangement of the reactants, there are enthalpic barriers to overcome for addition to take place and also potentially significant effects on the entropy of activation. Comparisons of the rate constants and activation parameters for homopropagation with those for addition of simple model radicals to the same monomers also provide evidence for significant penultimate unit effects (Section 

There is also clear evidence that penultimate group effects are important in determining the stereochemistry of addition in many homopolymerizations and copolymerizations. This is made evident from the fact that most homopolymers have tacticity /.f. P(m)/0 5, Section 4.2). Indeed, for some homopolymerizations there is evidence that the configuration of the pcnpcnultiinatc unit may also influence the stereochemistry of addition. If penpen- and penultimate units 

Penultimate unit effects are also important in both substitution and in addition-fragmentation chain transfer. Some examples are provided in Sections 6.2, 6.2.2.4, 6.2.3.4 and 9.5. 

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