Cesium oxide electrodes

Development of collector electrode materials with lower work function ( 1.0 eV) is the most effective methods to improve energy conversion efficiency of a thermionic converter. At present refractory metals such as Mo, W, Nb with cesium adsorption are used as a collector with the work function values of about 1.7eV. It is suggested that metal oxide collectors can adsorb cesium more strongly and show lower values of work function. In the study, refractory metal oxides and AgO x were experimentally examined concerning the work function values and high temperature durability. A research thermionic converter of a W emitter and an AgO x collector was fabricated and power generation tested to examine the effectiveness of the AgO x collector. A new type of a FGM collector which integrates a... 

Here we show that the polarity of polymer solar cells can be reversed by changing the position of two interfacial layers vanadium oxide (V2O5) layer as hole injection and cesium carbonate (CS2CO3) layer as electron injection, independent of the top and bottom electrodes. ° Since our first demonstration of inverted solar cells, more and more interests have focused on this new architecture. Waldauf et al. demonstrated inverted solar cells with a solution-processed titanium oxide interfacial layer. White et al. developed a solution-processed zinc oxide interlayer as efficient electron extraction contact and achieved 2.58% PCE with silver as a hole-collecting back contact. It is noteworthy to mention that EQE value for inverted solar cells approaches 85% between 500 and 550 nm, which is higher than that of normal polymer solar cells. This is possibly due to (i) the positive effect of vertical phase separation of active layer to increase the selection of electrode and (ii) lower series resistance without the PEDOT PSS layer. 

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