Cervus canadensis

Hunger Elk Cervus canadensis R ineffective in starving animals Andelteta/., 1992... 

Various other species of deer are being increasingly kept as livestock, often on so-called game ranches. Most commonly kept in this way are the American elk or wapiti Cervus canadensis) and the Eurasian red deer (C. elaphus). Both of these species of deer can be considered as being in the early stages of domestication, and they may be more important as livestock in the future. 

In black-tailed deer, Odocoikus hemionus columbianus, fecal odors of sympatric predators (coyote, C. latrans, and mountain lion, Fdis concolor) in vials next to food pellets inhibited feeding, while those of allopatric predators (lion, Fdis leo, snow leopard, Uncia uncia) do not, or very little (Miiller-Schwarze, 1972 Fig. 12.3). Note that mammals discriminate between the odors of sym- and allopatric predators, while fish and rattlesnakes do not (pp. 359 and 364). Free-ranging adult female wapiti, Cervus elaphus canadensis, respond to the odors of dog urine, and cougar and wolf feces (presented as water slurry) with increased heart rates. It was concluded that the main effect of predator odors may be for assessing the risk of predation (Chabot etal, 1996). 

Chabot, D., Gagnon, P., and Dixon, E. A. (1996). Effect of predator odors on heart rate and metabolic rate of wapiti [Cervus elaphus canadensis). Journal ofChemicalEcology 22,839. 

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