Ceramic materials synthesis

D. Segal. Chemical Synthesis of Advanced Ceramic Materials. Cambridge University Piess... 

Segal Chemical synthesis of advanced ceramic materials... 

West (p. 6), Miller (p. 43), Zeigler (10), and Sawan (p. 112) outline the synthesis of a wide variety of soluble, processable polydiorganosilanes, a class of polymers which not long ago was thought to be intractable. Matyjaszewski (p. 78) has found significant improvements in the synthetic method for polydiorganosilane synthesis as well as new synthetic routes to unusual substituted polydiorganosilanes. Seyferth (p. 21, 143) reports synthetic routes to a number of new polycarbosilanes and polysilazanes which may be used as precursors to ceramic materials. 

Organometallic polymer precursors offer the potential to manufacture shaped forms of advanced ceramic materials using low temperature processing. Polysilazanes, compounds containing Si-N bonds in the polymer backbone, can be used as precursors to silicon nitride containing ceramic materials. This chapter provides an overview of the general synthetic approaches to polysilazanes with particular emphasis on the synthesis of preceramic polysilazanes. 

Boyle T. J. Schwartz, R. W. 1994. An Investigation of Group (IV) alkoxides as property controlling reagents in the synthesis of ceramic materials. Comments Inorg. Chem. 16 243-278. 

Segal, D., Chemical Synthesis of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1991. Sehanobish K., H. T. Pham, and C. P. Bosnyak, Polycarbonates (Overview), in Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, J. C. Salamone, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 

Effect of synthesis conditions on phase composition of Pyrochlore-Brannerite ceramics. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 663, 315-324. 

Segal D (1991) Chemical synthesis of advanced ceramic materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge... 

The obtaining of tin(IV) alkoxides was first reported in a well-known publication by Meerwein and Bersin [1101] devoted to bimetallic alkoxides. At the end of the 1950s Bradley [222] and Make [1049] practically simultaneously devoted the synthetic approaches to and described the properties of nearly all major representatives of the Sn(OR)4homologous series. During the last 10 to 20 years interest in these compounds was renewed due to the prospect of their application in the synthesis of optically transparent and conducting films based on Sn02, and also of related ceramic materials. The alkoxides of Sn(IV) were considered in detail in a review by Hampden-Smith etal. [702],... 

This criterion, which is product rather than precursor-property driven, is critical to the design and synthesis of new precursors. The need for high ceramic yields arises because of the excessive volume changes associated with pyrolytic conversion to ceramic materials. Scheme 1 illustrates these changes for a SiC precursor with an 80% ceramic yield of phase pure SiC (3.2 gml-1). Most precursors densities are close to 1 gml-1, whereas most Si ceramic densities range from 2.5 to 3.5 gml-1. 

In the following sections some examples are given of the ways in which these principles have been utilized. The first example is the use of these techniques for the low temperature preparation of oxide ceramics such as silica. This process can also be used to produce alumina, titanium oxide, or other metal oxides. The second example describes the conversion of organic polymers to carbon fiber, a process that was probably the inspiration for the later development of routes to a range of non-oxide ceramics. Following this are brief reviews of processes that lead to the formation of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, and aluminum nitride, plus an introduction to the synthesis of other ceramics such as phosphorus nitride, nitrogen-phosphorus-boron materials, and an example of a transition metal-containing ceramic material. 

---